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Basket Ball for Women 



AS ADOPTED BY THE CONFERENCE 
ON PHYSICAL TRAINING, HELD IN 
JUNE, 1899, AT SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 



Also Articles on the Game by Dr. Luther Gulick, Dr. 
Theodore Hough, Miss Augusta Lane Patrick, 
Miss Ellen Emerson, B. L., Miss Agnes Childs, 
A. B., Miss Fanny Garrison, A. B., 
and Miss Senda Berenson. 



AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING COMPANY 

i6 and i8 PARK PLACE, NEW YORK 



Copyright, 1903, by the American Sports Publishing Company, New York 




Edited by Sepda, Berenson 



PUBLISHED BY THE 



1 HE LIBRARY OF 
CONC-iRESS, 

Two Copies Received 

APR i3 1903 

CLASS a XXc. No. 
COPY B. _ 



CONTENTS 



Diagram of Field of Pla^' ...... 

Preface .......... 

Editorial ... 

Psychological Effects of Basket Ball for Women, Dr.' Luther Gulick 
Physiological Effects of Basket Ball, Theodore Hough, Ph.D. 
Significance of Basket Ball for Women, Senda Berenson 

Relative Merit of the Y. M. C. A Rules and Women's Rules, Augusta Lane 
Patrick ......... 

Practical Side of Basket Ball, Ellen Emerson, B. L., Agnes Childs, A. B., 

Fanny Garrison, A, B. . 
Rules .......... 

Oiagryi*p o» Lie Ki,»S-tiow ling Poskton-crf Sfx on Team . . . . 

" " " Seven on Team 

" < ' ' ' Eight on Team 

Vine on Team 



Page 
Frontispiece 
5 



13 
21 
31 



53 
66 
86 



PREFACE 



J' 

The preparation of this pamphlet has unfortunately been 
unavoidably delayed. It has had the advantage, however, of pro- 
fiting by the new Y. M. C. A. rules. In accordance with the vote 
passed at the Springfield Conference of Physical Training — "that 
the Conference gives its approval to the publication of a set of 
rules for basket ball for women, based on the official rules, but 
with such modifications as seem desirable" — the rules presented 
here have been drawn up as much like the latter in wording and 
changes as was permitted with the different rulings, and we are 
indebted to the Y. M. C. A. rules for whatever we have adopted 
from them. 

No significant changes from the old rules of "Basket Ball for 
Women" have been suggested or found necessary. The rules for 
boundary lines, the length in the time of the game and the num- 
ber of players on a team have been changed. Five players on a 
team seemed to us too small a number. It gives too much work 
and too great responsibility to the one centre ; on the other hand, 
ten players proved too many for practically all gymnasia. The 
rule has therefore been changed to "from six to nine players." 
The length of the playing time has been changed from twenty- 
minute to fifteen-minute halves. Twenty-minute halves proved 
too exhausting for most players. Indeed, even in the Y. M. C. A, 
rules the younger men, or "Juniors," are limited to fifteen- 
minute halves. However, teachers and coaches who still think it 
wise to play forty-minute games may do so, even with the new 
rules. The changes for the boundary lines have been adopted 
from the men's rules. 

It is apparently impossible to define the rules so that players all 
over the country shall interpret them alike. The Committee is 
always glad to answer questions. In some cases of misinterpreta- 
tion, however, it seemed to us that the players would have under- 
stood them better had they read them a little more carefully. 

Dr. Alice B. Foster of All Saints School, Sioux Falls, South 
Dakota, resigned from the Committee appointed at the Springfield 



6 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



Conference, and Dr. Alice G. Snyder of the University of Michi- 
gan was chosen in her place. The present Committee consists of 
Miss Elizabeth A. Wright, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass. ; 
Miss Ethel Perrin, the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics, 
Boston, Mass. ; Dr. Alice G. Snyder, University of Michigan, Ann 
Arbor, Mich. ; Senda Berenson, Smith College, Northampton, 
Mass. 

We are glad to hear that these rules are being more and more 
widely used, especially in the Middle and Far West. We shall 
endeavor to have letters or articles from different sections of the 
country where these rules are used in our next edition. 



EDITORIAL 



Senda Berenson 

BASKET BALL was invented by Dr. James Naismith, about 
January of 1892. It was invented particularly for the Y. M. 
C. A. Training School, at Springfield, Mass., and in all 
probability, Dr. Naismith had no idea it would ever be played by 
women. 

However, directors of gymnasia for women saw at once that it 
was, perhaps, the game they were eagerly seeking — one that should 
not have the rough element of foot ball, yet should be a quick, 
spirited game — should cultivate strength and physical endurance, and 
should be interesting enough to become a part of physical training 
for women as foot ball and base ball are for men. They saw at once 
that it had many elements of success required for such a game, and 
forthwith attempted it as part of their gymnastic work. Its success 
proved far beyond their expectations. It was only necessary to try it 
to have it become most popular wherever it was played. The col- 
leges for women found it a boon. The physical training schools took 
it up, and their women graduates spread it all over the country. To- 
day there are few gymnasia for women where basket ball is not a 
part of their curriculum, and hundreds of basket ball teams are 
formed yearly in all our cities by women who play the game at regu- 
lar times during the winter. It is by far the most popular game that 
women play. 

Experience with the game, however, soon proved that its one great 
fault is its tendency to roughness, and that in order to overcome this 
tendency some modifications would be necessary. Nothing is more 
conclusive of this than the fact that the majority of women who play 
the game, do so with more or less modifications. Dr. Sargent made 
some changes and had his rules printed. His Normal School pupils 
play the game with his rules and it is natural to infer that the pupils 
teach it with his modifications. The Boston Normal School of Gym- 
nastics has printed modified rules of its own, and its graduates teach 
it with these rules. Miss Clara Baer, of Newcomb College, made 
many changes, and had her rules printed, calling the game *'Ba$« 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



9 



quette. " Lewis, Drexel, and Pratt Institutes play the game with 
modified rules. Vassar, Radcliffe, Lake Forest University, Univer- 
sity of Wisconsin, and Smith play with more or less modifications. 
At Smith College the game was played with modifications as early as 
the autumn of 1892. The preparatory schools and normal schools 
who play with some changes are too numerous to mention. 

One has a natural antipathy against making changes in rules pre- 
viously established. The fact that the majority of women find it 
necessary to change the rules of basket ball to suit their needs seems 
significant. 

All this has brought about a great cause for dissatisfaction; namely, 
that scarcely two institutions of education for women play with pre- 
cisely the same rules. Most of them play with changes of some sort, 
but each institution uses the changes it has made for itself. 

At the Conference of Physical Training held at Springfield, Mass., 
from June 14 feo 28, 1899, a committee was appointed to investigate 
this matter and to draw up rules which should voice the different 
modifications used all over the country as much as possible. 

This committee consisted of Alice Bertha Foster, Director of 
Physical Training for Women, Oberlin College, Chairman ; Ethel 
Perrin, Instructor of Gymnastics, Boston Normal School of Gym- 
nastics; Elizabeth Wright, Director of Physical Training, Radcliffe 
College; Senda Berenson, Director of Physical Training, Smith 
College. 

The committee offered the following report: 
The Committee respectfully recommends 

First — That the Conference give its approval to the publication 
of a set of rules for Basket Ball for Women, based on the official 
rules, but with such modifications as seem desirable. 

Second— That these rules be offered for publication either with 
the Spalding Official Rules, or by the Spalding Athletic Library, 
together with some articles discussing the use of the game by women. 

Third — That the leading institutions wherein the game is played 
by women be consulted, asking suggestions as to modifications 
thought necessary. ********* 

Fourth — That this guide be edited by Miss Senda Berenson of 
Smith College. 

Fifth — That the changes made in the rules be as follows: * * * 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



II 



The report and rules were read for approval before the Conference 
and discussed. The Conference voted unanimously that the report be 
accepted and rules adopted and printed. 

The rules offered in this pamphlet seem to the Committee to voice 
the wisest changes of those used all over the country. On the other 
hand, they are not put forth as final, and the Committee will be glad 
of suggestions from any one who thinks further changes necessary. 



THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 
BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 

By Luther Gulick, M. D. 

Superintendent of Physical Instruction in the Public Schools of New York. 

IT is not my purpose to discuss the details of team-play, nor to 
explain especial plays or formations. I desire to call attention 
to the bearings of the psychology of team-play upon some of the 
more fundamental matters concerning the nature of woman and her 
place in our civilization. 

By team-play I mean the play of individuals in such a .wayasto 
advance the interests of the team as contrasted with the interests of 
the individual. To illustrate : a player (A) has the ball and can 
throw for goal, or she can pass the ball to a player (B) nearer to the 
goal and having a better opportunity to cage the ball. Individual 
interest will lead (A) to throw for the goal. She may take it, and 
thus win for herself the credit for a brilliant play. This is one of 
the faults of beginners and always of selfish players. If (A) looks 
mainly to the interests of the team, she must forego her own chance 
for prominence and must play the ball to (B) who will secure from 
the crowd the credit, much of which in this case really belongs to (A). 
In case (A) throws directly for the goal and makes it, she is not thereby 
justified in the play; she should be censured by the coach or captain. 
In the long run such a player, who puts her own interests above that 
of the team, will prove a detriment to the team. 

Team-work means the frequent subordination of self-interests to 
the interests of the team. The individual shines mainly in the general 
glory of the team. 

The single instance given is but a simple illustration of what 
characterizes basket ball. A team of moderate players, but who 
play well together, who play a strong team game, will defeat a team 
of experts who play each one for himself. This has been repeatedly 
demonstrated. It was clearly shown in the national championships 
in which a team of the best of experts was beaten for two years by 
teams whose individual players did not excel, but whose team-work 
was better. 

This subject of team-play has most important bearings. The 



13 



OGONTZ SCHOOL 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 1 5 

necessity for team-play is characteristic of base ball, foot ball, cricket, 
and a few subsidiary games, such as lacrosse, hockey, etc. It is wot 
characteristic of track and field sports, nor of any other great national 
sports. These games demanding team-play are played by Anglo- 
Saxon peoples, and by these peoples alone, and may thus be said to 
be a differentiating characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon adolescent 
male. 

It is also important to notice that these games are not played till 
the teens are reached. Little boys may play these games, but they 
rarely play more than an individual game; real team-work is rare 
among them. This fact acquires significance when we remember that 
during adolescence great psychological changes occur in the boy 
among which the growth of altruism is prominent. 

What is its nature ? What are the mental and moral demands of 
teamwork? They are, of course, higher than those of individual 
play. One may or may not choose to use the word altruism in such a 
relation, but this loyalty to the team when such loyalty puts self in 
the background certainly is made out of the same kind of stuff as is 
altruism. It is loyalty to a larger unit than self. It is, ethically, of a 
higher order than is individual play. This team loyalty is very like 
the tribal loyalty of early savage life. Those tribes in whom the 
men were loyal to the tribe, even more than to self, would, other 
things being equal, conquer those who were still on the individual 
plane. The deep nature of the instinct that has led to the develop- 
ment of these games is thus shown. 

My experience and observation ever since Mr, Naismith invented 
the game is that it is more difficult to get women to do team-work 
than it is to get men to do so. In what way may this be explained? 
It is idle to say that men are more self-sacrificing than are women^ 
A comparative study of men's and women's relation to their children 
is ample evidence on this point. What facts maybe explanatory? 
Boys play games in a way that girls do not. Boys play on the street, 
and have a kind of rough and "give and take" education among their 
fellows that is far more intense than is the corresponding education 
of girls. But this is insufficient to account for the marked difference 
in the interest and adaptability that women seem to have for team 
games. In cases that I have seen where there has been equal oppor- 



OBERLIN COLLEGE. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



17 



tunity for girls to acquire the team spirit, they have not acquired it 
to anything like the same extent that boys have. We must look 
deeper than the mere circumstances of early environment to account 
for this phenomena. In a careful study of boys' gangs, not yet pub- 
lished, that has been made by Mr. T. J. Browne, this spirit of loyalty 
to the team, or loyalty to the gang, has been worked out with 
thoroughness. He has shown that most boys during adolescence 
form spontaneous groups that often maintain their personelle for 
years, exerting a great influence upon the life of the individual. 
The boy will be loyal to the group to which he belongs often more 
than he will to even his own parents. One finds corresponding 
spontaneous grouping among girls, but not to the same extent, nor 
are the societies so persistent nor so inclusive of all the interests of 
the individual. 

Another class or group of facts that would demand investigation 
bearing upon this general topic is the treatment that women give 
each other on the street, in the electric car, and while shopping. It 
is a matter of common comment, for v.'hicli there must be a modicum 
of ground, that women are more often inconsiderate of each other as 
strangers than are men. I do not attempt to justify the comment, 
but suggest the line of inquiry. 

It is a patent fact also that men form societies to an indefinitely 
larger extent than do women; not only secret societies, but societies 
for all sorts of purposes. Man's life appears to take more naturally 
to organization than does woman's. Man's life appears to be related 
more to loyalty to groups, while the woman's life seems to be more 
related to loyalty to the home and its interests. Geddes & Thomson, 
Fiske, Drummond, and others, have called attention to the great 
significance of the maternal instinct in the development of altruism 
in the individual, and indeed maintain that this instinct is the tap 
root of altruism in the race. Without going into an extended discus- 
sion of the matter, I wish to call attention to the fact that the kind of 
altruism displayed by men is more related to teams or groups than it 
is to the family, while the altruism of women does dominate with 
reference to husband and children and the more remote relations that 
constitute the larger family. 

This apparent large digression I have entered into in order that 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



19 



we might see the significance of the discipline that comes to woman 
through the playing of such a game as basket ball. When it is done 
in a thoroughly scientific way with primary attention to team-work, 
it calls for qualities that are rather unusual, or at least calls for these 
qualities to an unusual extent. 

We are in a time of great unrest in regard to the status of woman. 
She is entering many lines of work that hitherto have been carried on 
entirely by men. We are hearing such brilliant voices as that of 
Mrs, Stetson, who voices and brings to consciousness the feelings of 
many women. Whatever may be the outcome of this time of unrest, 
there certainly must grow among women a kind of loyalty to each 
other, of loyalty to the groups in which they naturally are formed, 
that is greater than obtains at present. Loyalty to the team and the 
playing of team-work appears to me to be no mean factor in the de- 
velopment and expression of this quality upon which our civilization 
rests — the capacity for co-operation, the capacity for being willing 
to set aside a part even of one's own rights in order to win the larger 
benefits of co-operative endeavor. 



THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 
BASKET BALL 

By Theodore Hough, Ph.D. 

A RECENT paper by Dr. Leo Liintz, gives results which are of 
great importance in studying the physiology of basket ball. 
In this paper it is shown that the amount of carbon-dioxide 
given off and of oxygen consumed by the body is vastly greater dur- 
ing bicycle riding that it is during walking, and that it is also much 
greater than we should suspect from our feelings of fatigue. It is, 
moreover, a common experience with most wheelmen that a ride 
which involves but little effort will produce profuse perspiration. In 
other words, cycling involves, even on level ground, a very large 
amount of muscular work, and so of oxidation without producing 
marked sensations of fatigue. 

Two points in the explanation of this fact are of importance to us: 
First, the feeling of fatigue is not a reliable measure of the amount of 
muscular work which is being done; the fatigue of walking, for ex- 
ample, comes largely from the joints, and where we relieve these of 
the weight of the trunk, and from jar, as we do in wheeling, very 
much more work can be done with less feeling of effort; secondly, 
while walking demands of some muscles, such as those of the calf of 
the leg, an amount of work out of all proportion to that which other 
muscles perform, bicycle riding makes no such disproportionate de- 
mands on any one group of muscles; the work is more distributed 
and hence is less felt, but when the sum total of work done by all 
muscles is added, it is found to be much greater than was the case in 
walking. 

This greater amount of work involves the production of a greater 
amount of carbon-dioxide and a greater consumption of oxygen by the 
muscles; in other words, increased demands are made on the respira- 
tory mechanism, which consists, on the one hand, of the nerve centres, 
nerves, and muscles of respiration and, on the other, of the heart and 
the blood vessels. We can thus see at once that such exercise in- 
volves the respiration of greater quantities of air and an increased 
output of blood per minute on the part of the heart; and the more or 



21 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



23 



less profuse perspiration already referred to is, of course, an effort to 
get rid of the increased amount of heat produced by the working 
muscles. 

I have referred thus at length to these observations of Luntz on 
bicycle riding because they give us the most accurate observations 
upon the physiological conditions which obtain during such games as 
basket ball; here again we have a form of exercise which brings into 
simultaneous action large numbers of muscles, although no one muscle 
is worked excessively; even when the ball is in play in some other 
part of the field, a player must be on the qui vive^ which means, phy- 
siologically, a state of slight contraction of great numbers of muscles; 
this of itself involves a considerable sum total of oxidation which, of 
course, becomes much greater during the more active work of run- 
ning, jumping, throwing, etc. In all such games, as in bicycle 
liding, more work is done than we are conscious of, and while this 
work does not produce feelings of fatigue, it does involve very greatly 
increased effort on the part of the heart and of the muscles of 
respiration. 

Considerations of these facts shows us at once when it becomes 
physiologically unsafe to play basket ball. It is evidently not safe to 
do so when the heart is unal^le to perform with comparative ease the 
increased work required of it; and this may be the case first, in cer- 
tain diseases of the heart, and secondly, when the player has not been 
taking muscular exercise for some time, and so is ''out of training." 

This is not the place to discuss the relations of the various forms 
of heart disease to such games. In some of them it is unsafe to play; 
in others, playing under proper restrictions is a good thing. It is for 
the physician to say in any individual case whether it is safe to play 
or not. 

An equally practical matter is the necessity for training as a pre- 
paration for such games. Basket ball does not at once impose on the 
heart conditions which are unfavorable for its work; it merely 
doubles, we will say, the demand upon it for work; indeed, the key 
to the whole matter is that, for respiratory and other purposes, the 
heart must pump very much more blood in the same time. A portion 
of that part of its cycle which is normally given to the rest of diastole 
and pause must be sacrificed to the systole, which thus comes to con- 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



25 



sume a larger proportion of the total time of the cycle. In this way 
are introduced the conditions of fatigue, and it is simply a question 
whether the heart can stand this more fatiguing work; in other words, 
it is a question of how well trained it is. One may as well expect 
good results in a skeletal muscle by going into a four-mile run with- 
out previous training as to expect good results in the heart by going 
into a game of basket ball under like conditions; and the danger in 
both cases comes chiefly from the undue prolongation of the work; 
especially is this true of basket ball. As long as play continues the 
muscles are producing these largely increased quantities of carbon- 
dioxide, and the heart is being stimulated to get this to the lungs for 
removal from the body; and, if this demand is made on a heart which 
is not strong enough to endure prolonged work, trouble may result. 

It is perfectly clear that the danger may be diminished, indeed, 
practically obviated, if we lessen at first the duration of play and in- 
crease the time of rest; or, if at the first we play but one-half of ten 
minutes. The danger is also lessened if not obviated by the modifi- 
cations used at many of our women's colleges and institutions, and 
embodied in the rules given in this number. That these modifica- 
tions do avoid the danger is indicated by the following facts which 
have come to my notice; no doubt others can give similar evidence: 

Two of our women's colleges have used basket ball for a number of 
years. One of them has used the Y. M. C. A. rules, the other the 
modified rules; in both of them the players were under medical super- 
vision. At the former school there have been a suspicious number of 
cases of bicycle" hearts among basket ball players. At the latter, 
not only has this trouble not occurred, but during moderate use of the 
game (once weekly, with four weekly gymnasium exercises) from 
November to March, several first-year students with exactly this 
trouble became perfectly normal and played on the class team. It 
seems to me that the division of the field into three parts with the 
consequent limitation of the possible amount of exertion gives an 
amply sufficient explanation of these results. 

This leads us to the great physiological use of games like basket 
ball in physical training. Gymnastic work excels all other work in 
corrective value, and is needed in the conditions of our modern school 
life for this reason. There can also be no doubt that it can and, as 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



27 



far as possible, ought to be given so as to train a certain amount of 
what is called endurance; that is, the ability to maintain moderate 
work for long periods of time, or vigorous work for fairly long periods 
of time. But gymnastics is not a convenient, and it is very doubtful 
if it is ever a practical means of doing all in this direction that an all- 
round physical training demands. With the exception of marching 
and running, gymnasium work involves rather the vigorous use of 
muscles for very short periods at a time rather than the continuance 
of muscular activity for longer periods of time. It is the latter form 
of work which adds up most in the end, and produces the largest 
quantities of carbon-dioxide, and so calls on the heart and the respira- 
tory apparatus for most vigorous work. And this very vigorous work 
is the only means of training the heart and respiratory apparatus to 
that degree of strength and endurance which enable them to meet any 
demand that the conditions of life may make upon them. This, of 
itself, is a strong reason for the use of such exercises, of which no 
better example can be found than basket ball. 

We can refer only in the most general way to the hygienic effect 
of such vigorous exercise; that is, the effect in maintaining health each 
day. Muscular exercise is one of the physiological conditions 01 
health; it produces conditions in the organism without which its in- 
herited structure cannot maintain for long a healthy life. These 
physiological conditions are numerous and complicated; one of them, 
however, is so closely connected with what has already been explained 
that it maybe used as an example of the rest: The increased breath- 
ing movements make themselves felt beneficially in all parts of the 
body, aiding in the flow of the nutrient fluids (lymph) around the 
cells and so in the nutrition of the living units of the organism. The 
man or woman who does nothing to induce vigorous breathing is run- 
ning a far greater hygienic risk than when one drinks a glass of water 
from the notoriously bad water supply of some of our American cities. 

There is a third important physiological effect of such games. In 
the history of individual development no fact is so plainly written as 
that ''whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap." Especially 
is this true of the nervous system which requires efficient control 
over the movements of the body only as the body carries out, over 
and ©ver again, such movements as demand the most rapid and com- 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 29 

plicated response on the part of the nervous system; and it requires 
but a moment's reflection to see that these games meet these require- 
ments to a remarkable extent, probably, indeed, as nothing else does. 
The writer has heard of a case where it became necessary for two 
young ladies who had played basket ball to dodge a runaway horse, 
which they did successfully. They themselves believe that they 
would not have escaped uninjured except for having played a game 
of the kind. The cautious scientist is slow in expressing an opinioji 
on a specific case of this kind, but he need have no hesitancy in 
asserting that such games train to a remarkable degree the power of 
the nervous system to do the right thing at the right time in order to 
meet sudden and unexpected situations; and this is a kind of muscu- 
lar control which it is well worth while to acquire. 

We may sum up the results of the previous discussion as follows: 
Basket ball involves a large amount of work with a proportionately 
small element of conscious fatigue. It consequently makes larger 
demands on the heart and other organs of respiration than the player 
realizes, and in this lies its danger. This danger can be successfully 
avoided, however, by proper attention to training and by proper 
regulation of the game itself; indeed, we may add that few other 
games can be so easily regulated to meet this end. When so regu- 
lated, it is in every way a good thing for the heart which it trains to 
strength and endur^.nce. It moreover trains the co-ordinating nerve 
centres to a high degree of muscular control, and, above all, it is a 
most efficient agent in producing those general hygienic effects of 
muscular exercise which constitute the chief reason for the use of 
muscular exercise at all. 



OMAHA Y. W. C. A. 

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS. 

PASSAIC HIGH SCHOOL, 



THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BASKET BALL 
FOR WOMEN 

By Senda Berenson 

IN competitive games one of two strong forces must become all- 
important. One will either abandon one's self to instinct and 
impulse in the quickness of action and intense desire for victory, 
and hence develop rough and vicious play; or, eliminating brute and 
unfair play, one's powers are put into developing expert playing, 
quickness of judgment and action, and physical and moral self* 
control. 

Much of the element of rough play in games comes more from ex. 
citement and the desire to win at all and any cost than from inborn 
viciousness of character. Many players are ashamed of their conduct 
in games in their calmer moments. That is as it should be. The 
great danger lies in the fact that rough and unfair play, the results at 
first of impulse and carelessness, become strong forces in vitiating the 
characters of the players by developing another standard of morals 
for athletics than the one held for conduct in life. 

Not only is this standard for athletics held by athletes, but a great 
number of the community at large seem to think certain elements in 
athletics perfectly fair, that from an ethical point of view are as bad 
as lying or stealing. "All is fair in love and war" we are told; cer- 
tain games are mimic war; hence every action is justifiable in games. 
A young friend, apparently earnest, ambitious and honorable, told 
me with all seriousness that if you take all the objectionable features 
out of a game you take all the fun out of it — there is nothing left; 
that it really isn't so bad " to wind " or injure a man in foot ball in 
order to weaken the other side. I heard a good old minister, who 
was preaching to a community of college men say, emphasizing his 
remarks with his fist on the reading desk. " When we play a game of 
foot ball, what is our object? It is to win; nothing else counts; we 
go in to win'' His very tones implied, "win at all hazards, by fair 
means or foul, do anything, but in the end win." 

The greatest element of evil in the spirit of athletics in this country 
is the idea that one must win at any cost — that defeat is an unspeak- 
able disgrace. Most of the brutality and unfairness come from this. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



33 



It is of course "human nature to desire to win — to succeed in any un- 
dertaking. But I do believe that we need to cultivate the spirit that 
fair play comes first — defeat or victory afterwards. If victory is the 
result, we can congratulate ourselves on winning because of expert 
and clean work; if defeat, we can comfort ourselves with the thought 
that we did our best and were beaten fairly. Failure is as necessary 
in life as success, if those who fail profit by the experience. **We 
fall to rise, are baffled to fight better." I have no sympathy with 
narrow-minded people who see no good in athletics because of the 
few objectionable features in them. I would not be understood as 
believing that hard, earnest playing is objectionable. Just such play- 
ing is the best to bring out manliness and fearlessness in a youth. 
Rut it is because I believe that competitive games are such tremendous 
forces for good as well as for evil that I would have those elements in 
them encouraged which bring out the love of honor, courage and fair 
play, and eliminate those which encourage the taking advantage of 
laws, cruelty, brutality and unfairness. 

All that precedes applies to athletics generally. I want to speak, 
however, on athletic sports for women in particular. 

Within the last few years athletic games for women have made such 
wonderful strides in popularity that there are few directors of physical 
training who do not value them as an important part of their work. 
They have become popular, too, not as the outcome of a **fad, " but 
because educators everywhere see the great value games may have in 
any scheme of education. Gymnastics and games for women are 
meeting less and less opposition, and gaining larger numbers of warm 
supporters because our younger generation of women are already 
showing the good results that may be obtained from them in better 
physiques and greater strength and endurance. 

Now that the woman's sphere of usefulness is constantly widening, 
now that she is proving that her work in certain fields of labor is 
equal to man's work and hence should have equal reward, now that 
all fields of labor and all professions are opening their doors to her, 
she needs more than ever the physical strength to meet these ever in- 
creasing demands. And not only does she need a strong physique, 
but physical and moral courage as well. 

Games are invaluable for women in that they bring out as nothing 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN ^- 

j5 

else just these elements that women find necessary today in their en- 
larged field of activities. Basket ball is the game^ above all others 
that has proved of the greatest value to them. Foot ball will never 
be played by women, and base ball is seldom entered into with spirit. 
Basket ball is played with deep earnestness and utter unconsciousness 
of self. Certain elements of false education for centuries have made 
woman self-conscious. She is becoming less so, but one finds women 
posing even in tennis and golf. It is impossible to pose in basket 
ball. The game is too quick, too vigorous, the action too continuous 
to allow any element to enter which is foreign to it. It develops 
quick perception and judgment — in one moment a person must judge 
space and time in order to run and catch the ball at the right place, 
must decide to whom it may best be thrown, and at the same time 
must remember not to "foul." It develops physical and moral 
courage, self-reliance and self-control, the ability to meet success and 
defeat with dignity. 
/ It is said that one of woman's weaknesses is her inability to leave 
the personal element out of thought or action. If this is so — and 
there is some ground for such a supposition — a competitive game like 
basket ball does much to do away with it. Success in this game can 
be brought about only by good team-play. A team with a number of 
brilliant individual players lacking team-work will be beaten always 
by a team of conscientious players who play for each other. This 
develops traits of character which organization brings; fair play, im- 
personal interest, earnestness of purpose, the ability to give one's 
best not for one's own glorification but for the good of the team — the 
cause. 

But just as basket ball may be made an influence for good so may 
it be made a strong influence for evil. The gravest objection to the 
game is the rough element it contains. Since athletics for women are 
still in their infancy, it is well to bring up the large and significant 
question: shall women blindly imitate the athletics of men without 
reference to their different organizations and purpose in life; or shall 
their athletics be such as shall develop those physical and moral ele- 
ments that are particularly necessary for them? We can profit by the 
experience of our brothers and therefore save ourselves from allowing 
those objectionable features to creep into our athletics that many men 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



37 



are seriously working to eliminate from theirs. Since all new move- 
ments swing from the extreme of degeneracy or inertness to the ex- 
treme enthusiasm of newly acquired powers, unless we are most 
careful we shall allow that enthusiasm and power to run away with 
our reason. It is a well known fact that women abandon themselves 
more readily to an impulse than men. Lombroso tells us that women 
are more open to suggestion, more open to run to extremes than men. 
This shows us that unless we guard our athletics carefully in the 
beginning many objectionable elements will quickly come in. It also 
shows us that unless a game as exciting as basket ball is carefully 
guided by such rules as will eliminate roughness, the great desire to 
win and the excitement of the game will make our women do sadly 
unwomanly things. 

This has already been proved. A basket ball match game was 
played several years ago between the teams of two of our normal 
schools. One team had been trained to play with the Y. M. C. A. 
rules; the other with modified rules. Since neither team wished to 
change its method of play, the first half was played by each team 
according to its own rules. The game was so rough that the second 
half was played by both teams with the modified rules. Let me 
quote from a paper commenting on this game : 

Probably no finer exhibition of basket ball playing by women has 
ever been seen in this country than the game played by these two 
teams during the last half of their contest. As a possibility of what 
women can show in the way of skill, alertness, accuracy, coolness and 
presence of mind under trying circumstances, and still be ladies, the 
game was a revelation to many present. 

'•To my mind the important lesson of this game, and the one that 
should make it a memorable one, is that a courteous consideration of 
an opponent, even in an antagonistic game, does not necessarily 
diminish a team's chances for victory." 

Another instance; a basket ball team composed ol refined women, 
in one of our New York cities, was challenged to play a game by a 
team just out of their town. The occasion was not only to be an 
athletic but a great social event. The visiting team had played with 
modified rules; the other with rules for men. The playing wj^v* not 
only rough to a degree, but the spirit shown toward the guests vjh« 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 

were beating, by their opponents and their friends, was what one 
would think quite impossible in women who had any regard for the 
ordinary courtesies of life. . Rough and vicious play seems worse in 
women than in men. A certain amount of roughness is deemed 
necessary to bring out manliness in our young men. Surely rough 
play can have no possible excuse in our young women. 

Of course, these two cases and similar instances of which I have 
heard do not prove that many of our women who play basket ball do 
so in an undesirable way. They are sufficient, however, to make us 
pause and consider whether they are not enough to prove that we 
need to free the game from anything that might lead to objectionable 
play. And here a serious question may be raised as to whether it is 
for the best interests of women to go into inter-scholastic games. 

However, just this fact that women are mxOre open to suggestion is 
an encouraging one, for it shows us that they can the more easily be 
lead to right thought and action. This can be seen by the splendid 
results of clean sport and good spirit gained wherever basket ball has 
been guarded by careful rules and strict discipline. 

But just here I must say that not only is it necessary to modify the 
ganie somewhat, but the physical director and umpire cannot appre- 
ciate too fully the responsibility of their positions. The best of rules 
will be no protection to one who does not insist on fair play and does 
not umpire most conscientiously. It is also important that the cap- 
tain of the team shall not only be a good basket ball player, but one 
who represents the best athletic spirit. I may say that the spirit of 
athletics in our colleges and schools for women is what the director of 
the gymnasium makes it. The right spirit is not gained by autocratic 
methods, but by almost imperceptible suggestion and strong example. 
If the physical director takes it for granted that athletics can be no 
other than fair and honorable, her spirit will be imbibed uncon- 
sciously by her pupils. 

The modifications in the rules contained in this pamphlet were 
carefully considered and are entirely the fruit of experience. The 
two important changes are the division of the playing field and the 
prohibiting of snatching or batting the ball from the hands of another 
player, 

The division of the gymnasium or field into three equal parts, and 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



the prohibiting of the players of one division from running into the 
domain of another seems an advantage for many reasons. It does 
away almost entirely with ''star" playing, hence equalizes the im- 
portance of the players, and so encourages team work. This also 
encourages combination plays, for when a girl knows she cannot go 
over the division line to follow the ball, she is more careful to play 
as well as possible with the girls near her when the ball comes to her 
territory. The larger the gymnasium the greater is the tax on in- 
dividual players when the game is played without lines. It has been 
found that a number of girls who play without division lines have de- 
veloped hypertrophy of the heart. The lines prevent the players 
from running all over the gymnasium, thus doing away with unneces- 
sary running, and also giving the heart moments of rest. On the 
other hand, the lines do not keep the players almost stationary, as 
some believe. A player has the right to run anywhere she may please 
in her own third of the gymnasium. 

The divisions, then, concentrate energy, encourage combination 
plays, equalize team work and do away with undue physical exertion. 

Allowing snatching or batting the ball from another person's hand 
seems the greatest element toward encouraging rough play in the 
game. It is apt to encourage personal contact; it has an intrinsic 
quality that goes against one's better nature; it has an element of in- 
sult in it. When a player gets the ball it should be hers by the laws 
of victory, ownership, courtesy, fair play. To prevent this rule, how*- 
ever, from making the game slow and spiritless, a rule was made that 
a player should not be allowed to hold the ball longer than three 
seconds under penalty of a foul. Preventing snatching or batting the 
ball has also developed superb jumping; for a player knows that since 
she cannot snatch the ball away from her opponent, by jumping in the 
air as high as possible she may catch the ball before it gets to her 
opponent. 

When the game was first started many saw the danger of *' drib- 
bling." The objectionable element v^^as done away with by not 
allowing the players to bounce the ball more than three consecutive 
times or lower than the knee. Since then the Y. M. C. A. rules have 
done away with dribbling altogether. It seems a good rule to elimi- 
nate it when the game is played without division lines — where a 



1900 Team. 




1902 Team. 

Y. W. C. A., WORCESTER, MASS. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



43 



player by dribbling can easily get from one basket to the other — but 
that necessity is overcome with division lines. To allow a player to 
bounce the ball three times gives an opportunity for having posses- 
sion of the ball longer than three seconds when she wishes to use a 
signal or combination play. On the other hand, by demanding that 
the ball shall be bounced higher than the knee gives a quick opponent 
a fair opportunity to bat the ball away when it is between the floor 
and the player's hands. 

Of course, if bouncing the ball becomes a nuisance — and one never 
knows what peculiar play will become popular — it can easily be 
remedied by doing away with it altogether until the team appreciates 
that it is a great advantage if used in moderation, a great hindrance 
if used to an extent. 

The original rules allow only five on a team. We have changed 
the rule to allow any number from five to ten players on a team. My 
own conviction is that the smallest number of players should be six 
instead of five, for when the game is played with division lines the 
work in the centre is much too hard for one player. Some of the 
strongest and quickest work is done in the centre. The size of the 
gymnasium should decide the number of players on a team. If a 
gymnasium is 40x30 feet, it stands to reason that fewer players are 
necessary to meet all the hygienic and recreative requirements of the 
game than where the floor is 100x60. In one of our colleges ten play 
on a team because the players find they can bring about better com- 
bination plays with four centres. The dimensions of their gymnasium 
;is 108x60 feet — large enough to allow this increased number. 

Should people imagine that these modifications take the fire and 
spirit out of the game, they can either try it with their own teams 
*• without prejudice," or witness a game where such modifications are 
adopted to be convinced of their mistake. Perhaps it may not be out 
of place to quote some passages from an account which appeared in 
one of our leading newspapers^, with reference to a game played with 
modified rules at one of our colleges for women : " The playing was 
very rapid and extremely vigorous. From the time the ball went into 
play until a goal was tossed there was no respite. The playing could 
not properly be dalled rough. There- was not an instance of slugging, 
but the ball was followed by the players with rushes, much the way 



HYDK PARK, ILL., HIGH SCHOOL. 




LAKE HIGH SCHOOL, CHICAGO. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



45 



it is on the gridiron. One who supposes it is a simple or weak game 
would be surprised to see the dash and vigor with which it is entered 
into. It is a whirl of excitement from start to finish, and yet, with 
all the desperate earnestness and determination with which the game 
is played, there is excellent control and much dexterity shown. 
There is splendid temper and true sportswomanlike spirit in the 
game. The services of a referee to end a dispute are seldom needed, 
and there are no delays on account of kicking. The amount of phy- 
sical strength and endurance which is cultivated is readily apparent. 
One might suppose that it would be a namby pamby exhibition with 
much show, many hysterical shrieks and nothing of an athletic con- 
test; but nothing could be more contrary to facts. True, there is no 
slugging or exhibition of roughness, but the play is extremely vigorous 
and spirited, and is characterized by a whirl and dash that is surpris- 
ing to the uninitiated. The possession of self-control, both of temper 
and physical action, was clearly in evidence yesterday, even during 
ihe most exciting stages of the game.'' 



NEWARK, N. J., HIGH SCHOOL. 




DR. SARGENT'S NORMAL SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL TRAINING, 

CAMBRIDGE. MASS. 



RELATIVE MERIT OF THE Y. M. C. A. 
RULES AND WOMEN'S RULES 
J' 

By Augusta Lane Patrick. 

Director of Physical Training, High School, Newark, N. J. 

"All is but lip-wisdom which wants experience." 

Experience has proved to me what many conversations failed 
to impress in relation to basket ball, a gamiC which has now 
become one of the foremost winter sports for both men and 
women. To insure its best results this game must have rules 
applicable to all, and so presented that misinterpretations shall 
be at a minimum. The question arises : Is it advisable for 
women to use the Y. M. C. A. rules? 

Three years ago I fully believed in the affirmative. I con- 
tended that the game could be played without roughness ; that 
under these rules it embodied more skill, developed more ''nerve,*' 
to use the popular expression, and aroused greater enthusiasm. 
To-day I as strongly advocate the women's rules, allowing my 
girls to play under no others. This change grew out of Miss 
Berenson's remark during our discussion : "Give these rules 
a fair trial." I did so, and have become a convert. 

Under the Y. M. C- K. rules our teams were not successful. 
The girls became exhausted before time was called, due in part 
to the excitemicnt of the game, but as well to loss of energy 
owing to confused and purposeless movements, a characteristic 
of the schoolgirl age. Each game was watched by me with 
nervous apprehension, for fear that some heart, through exces- 
sive labor, become permanently weakened. It was necessary to 
shorten our halves at least five minutes and sometimes more. Yet 
the players were high school girls, strong and in good health, 
who, as they matured, were better able to hold their own. Our 
record was a series of defeats, the reason for which we could 
not fathom, and the humiliation rather dampened our enthusiasm. 

When we adopted women's rules our record changed. In con- 
vincing others, I convinced myself. 

The first year the teams used these rules under protest, but 



47 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



49 



the second, the girls refused to play by any others. From that 
time we began to win, and our schedule recorded eight victories 
out of ten. 

To what can this change be attributed ? 

To the facts that : 

(a) Since each player is limited to a certain territory the 
severe strain is alleviated. The interval when the ball is in 
play at the other end of the field, gives each a chance to regain 
breath and bearings- The field lines dividing the courts have 
been the source of much ridicule, and considered a great draw- 
back, as at first so many fouls resulted in a slow, uninteresting 
game. But with practice the whistle w^as blown less, and there 
have been many games, where the linesmen were given no oppor- 
tunity to call fouls on our team. With expert players, the loca- 
tion of these lines becomes almost intuitive, and in no way a 
hindrance to the game. 

(b) In the rule forbidding touching the ball while in an- 
other's hands^ roughness receives a decided check. Though some 
feel that by this, the play degenerates into a ladylike pastime, 
one has but to see a skilled game, to realize that still enough 
of the strenuous element remains to develop courage in a marked 
degree. It is not as pronounced under the women's rules, but 
it is quite sufficient in this fight for victory to make the most 
brilliant player ''shaky.'' 

This rule trains to an almost wonderful degree, the power of 
inhibition, and in conjunction with the one on "holding," which 
develops speed and quickness, strengthens mental qualities highly 
desirable. This is by no means as marked in the Y. C. A. 
rules. 

(c) Team work is as necessary under the women's rules as 
the Y. M. C. A. rules. In the former, goal-throwing is left to 
the forwards as is intended, and the play degenerates less easily 
into individual work. Team work may be made just' as scientific, 
skillful, and artistic with field lines as without. These debar 
the rush from one end of the field to the other, but the passes 
are just as attractive. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



51 



(d) Again the women's rules make the game one of enjoy- 
ment. The girls are able to play the full time and feel only 
healthy fatigue after the game. The interval of quieted motion 
gives the heart the necessary respite which acts as a preventive 
to strain. 

(e) One more point of note is the increased number who are 
anxious to play, and surely every effort that inspires love for 
healthy sport should be made. The interest in the game is more 
widespread, and its possibilities attract many more girls. Timid 
girls, nervous girls, lazy girls, energetic girls, alike receive ben- 
efits which build up character as well as physique. Almost mar- 
velous have been some instances of the developmnt of self- 
control and mental as well as physical alertness. 

When we have succeeded in having girls join in the game 
for the sake of sport, taking defeat in an heroic, victory in a 
magnanimous way, then we have instilled in young womanhood 
traits of character which help to make the woman of the future, 
such that of each may be said : ''A perfect woman, nobly 
planned." 



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THE PRACTICAL SIDE OF BASKET BALL 

By Ellen Emerson, B. L., Agnes Childs, A. B., 
Fanny Garrison, A. B. 



HINTS TO COACHES. 

The most important point for coaches to insist upon with 
beginners in basket ball is exactness of playing. The rules 
should be carefully kept from the outset, especially those govern- 
ing fouls. The umpire should explain all fouls to players before 
they begin to play, then blow the whistle whenever one is made 
and exact the penalty. It is necessary to have an umpire from 
the start, in order to carry out the rules. 

Beginners are apt to run with the ball and to obviate this it 
is well to have each player run round the coach in a wide circle 
while the coach throws the ball to her. She should jump as 
she catches it, land squarely on both feet, and throw the ball 
back to the coach before running on. In the following diagram, 
let A represent the position of the coach, while B, B\ B" and 
represent the successive positions of the player, the arrows 
indicating the progress of the ball betw^een the two. 

B 



b: 
f 



:b 

3 



B 

2 

In throwing the ball in this so-called "race-horse" scheme A 
must be careful to throw the ball each time a little in front of 



53 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



55 



B's position when the ball leaves A's hand that B may not stop 
running until the ball reaches her. 

If any fouls are overlooked at first they should be time fouls, 
for accuracy is so much more important than quick playing that 
it is better to let a player hold the ball too long, than to allow 
her to throw it before she sees anyone ready to catch it- To fur- 
ther accuracy, it is well to stop the game whenever a wild or 
poor play is made and show the player the correct play before 
continuing. 

All players should, be trained to jump for balls passing over 
their heads. Thus are they trained in interference, in catching 
a carelessly thrown ball, or a ''drop" ball. 

There cannot be too much practice in throwing balls — either a 
short, swift pass from the shoulder or waist to the waist of the 
catcher, or drop balls, thrown up from the shoulder so that they 
will drop just where the catcher can reach them, by jumping or 
by stepping back, and where her opponent cannot stop them. 

Good practice plays are: quick passes between players with 
interference by their opponents, quick passes between players on 
the run with or without interference, chain plays between two 
players on the run as in the diagram where A and B represent the 
various positions as before. 




The arrow, as before, indicates the progress of the ball and 
here, as before, the ball should in each case be thrown a little 
in front of the catcher. A sort of triangular play is very advan- 
tageous in getting out of corners, because by means of it a 
player has a choice of two others to either of whom she may 
throw the ball, thus enabling her, if she is guarded on one side 
to throw the other way. Let A, B and C be three players, and 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMFN, 



57 



A', B' and C their second positions. Suppose A has the ball in 
the corner, B and C run to positions B' and C respectively. 



BASKET I 

/ / 

B A B 

a' C B C 

x\s will be seen from the diagram, the "triangle play'' is of most 
use to guards and forwards. 

HINTS TO PLAYERS. 
There is often a tendency, especially among beginners, to 
throw the ball without looking to see if there is anyone to catch 
it. The desire to get rid of it makes the player forget that she 
who throws is just as responsible for its safe arrival as she wdio 
receives it. Better run the risk of a time foul than throw a 
wild ball. 

To insure accuracy of aim it is safer, as a rule, to throw a 
short rather than a long ball. J\Iost gymnasiums have apparatus 
which interferes materially with the progress of a long, high ball, 
and nothing causes more confusion than a sudden miss of direc- 
tion, the inevitable result of contact with rafters or ropes. 

In order to catch a short throw the player must know how to 
"run up.'' Let the girl who is to receive the ball be standing, 
for example, behind her opponent. She then has an advantage ; 
she can, by a signal, notify the thrower where to send the ball 
and her opponent cannot see her signal. Let her extend her 
right hand quickly to one side and the gesture may mean to her 
friend, 'T am going to run to the right and forward." She runs, - 
the ball comes straight for her new position, gets there at the 
same time she does, and is passed on before her opponent real- 
izes what has happened. 

When a long ball is to be thrown it is better to stand behind 
the opponent, to indicate one's intention to run back by raising 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



59 



the hand high over the head and then to drop quickly back three 
or four feet to receive the ball, which, of course, must be aimed 
not so much at the catcher as at a place somewhat behind her. 
Only by practice between the two players can accuracy be as- 
sured. 

As regards one's relation to her opponent, one motto may be 
said to apply always and everywhere in basket ball : "When your 
side has the ball, get away from your opponent ; when the other 
side has the ball, 'stick' to her." The only way to get away from 
her is to deceive her as to one's intentions by dodging- 

As a rule it is a bad plan for any one player to try to cover 
the whole field within her lines. It is far better to avoid ''bunch- 
ing" by allotting to each girl some portion of the field and for 
her to keep to that portion as her own province. There are here, 
as always, some extreme cases where exceptions must be made, 
but the player's common sense must be her guide then. 

Above all, the best practice, and, perhaps the hardest, is to 
stand up during the game. Nothing makes the game so rowdyish 
in appearance or causes more adverse criticism than the tendency 
to slide along the floor after the ball. 

SPECIAL HINTS. 
As regards plays among the different centers, guards, or for- 
wards there is little to be learned except from experience, as 
what is found successful in one place and among one set of 
players may prove fruitless under different conditions. A few 
of the more general plays may not, however, be out of place. 

CENTER PLAYS. 

Each center should have a regular position where the forwards 
and guards may find her. One center should play up near the 
lines ready to receive a short ball from the guards on one end 
or send a short ball to the forwards on the other, as the case 
may be, while the other two stand farther back ready to receive 
or send longer or drop balls. 

When the center has thrown a short ball to a forward she 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



6i 



should still feel responsible, as it may be necessary for the for- 
ward, because of her opponent's guarding, to return the ball to 
center and then drop back toward the basket to receive it again. 

When the ball is put in play the jumping center should stand 
facing her goal, raise her arm, be ready to jump and either bat 
or catch the ball — always striving to bat it toward her goal- She 
should also be ready to turn and run for the ball in case her oppo- 
nent bats it. 

FORWARDS. 

The forwards cannot practice too much at the basket, with or 
without interference, ordinary, goals, or free throw for goals. 
Let some one throw over-balls to the forward and the forward, 
jumping, catch the ball, turn, and without bouncing, put it into 
the basket. There is a tendency for a forward to hurry about 
getting a ball into the basket without waiting to get into good 
position and without aiming carefully for the basket. By practice 
she can get accustomed to the time allotted her and discover 
what rapidity she must use in order to avoid a time foul. Every 
forward should also practice guarding as in this, as a rule, lies 
her weakest point, and in many cases a goal might be scored 
could the forwards interfere with the plays of their opponents. 

GUARDS. 

When a guard by high jumping has succeeded in batting the 
ball on its way to the goal she often cannot recover herself 
quickly enough to capture the ball and one of the other guards 
must run forward to catch it. The side guards especially must 
also be ready to assist the center guard in stopping a high over- 
ball to center forward when the center guard is in front of her 
opponent. This they can do by running in behind the forward 
to whom the ball is thrown. The center guard may, in some 
measure, prepare herself, as may the others, to interfere with 
cither a low or a hi^h ball sent to her forward, for, if she stands 
side of her forward, but facing her, with one foot in front and 
the other back, she can hit a low ball coming to the forward and 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



63 



she has only to turn half way round to be ready for a drop ball 
back, whereas the forward must turn way round before she is 
able to run back. 

The fact that a ball has passed from guard to center does not 
mean that a guard's duties are ended- She must be ready to 
receive the ball back again from the center if the center is 
so guarded that she cannot throw the ball to one of the other 
center or if, for any reason, the center prefers a chance to run 
back for an over-ball from the guard. 

MATCH GAMES. 

Preparation for a match game may be classed under two heads : 
preparation in general, and preparation in particular. 

The former applies to the ordinary hygienic conditions of life. 
There is no reason why the life during training should differ 
from that usually pursued save where this latter has suffered as 
to regularity in the time of eating and sleeping, and where suffi- 
cient exercise has not been taken. Each individual has to deter- 
mine for herself what best suits her own needs. Food should 
be of good quality, and taken in sufficient quantity. If the indi- 
vidual gives up any food which she feels will be injurious to her, 
care should be taken that something else replaces it. Outdoor 
exercise should be encouraged at this as at all times. 

As regards training in particular, preparation at the beginning 
should not be too hard. The number of times a week that the 
team practices can be gradually increased, also the length of 
halves — both within limits. It is well to begin training with 
short halves. 

The team can practice as a whole, by sections and individually. 
When working by sections, care should be taken not to overwork 
individuals. The strain involved in practice where only a few 
players take part is much greater than where the whole team 15 
concerned. 

Toward the last the amount of playing should be decreased. 
Too much stress cannot be laid upon the importance of rest, 
particularly before a game, A team that enters a match in fresh 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN". 



65 



condition will play better — as has been demonstrated again and 
again — than the one that has played up to the last moment. No 
new points can be gained immediately before a match game that 
should not have been learned previously. 

The match game is apt to be the cause of considerable excite- 
ment. Care should be taken that the strain be no greater than 
in the ordinary game. Play first of all for the fun to be had and 
in having that fun play a clean game. Go in to win, but do not 
win at the expense of fairness. When the good feeling which 
should exist between opposing teams is lost, victory is v/orthless. 



OFFICIAL RULES 

Adopted at the Physical Conference, at Sprino^field, Mass., 
June, 1899, and revised for this edition. 

RULE 1. 

GROUNDS. Section i. Basket Ball may be played on 
any grounds free from obstruction, said 
grounds not to exceed 6,000 square feet of actu- 
al playing space. 
Boundary lines. Sec. 2. There must be a well defined line 
marked around the floor or field. The side 
boundaries shall be at least three feet from the 
wall or fence. The end boundaries shall be 
directly below the surface against which the 
goal is placed. This fine shall form the 
boundary of the field of play. 
Division lines. Sec. 3. The field shall be divided into three 
equal parts by field lines, parallel to the end 
boundary lines. 

RULE IL 

BALL. Section i. The ball shall be round; it shall 
be made of a rubber bladder covered with a 
leather case ; it shall not be less than 30 nor 
Size of Ball, more than 32 inches in circumference ; the 
limit of variableness shall not be more than 
one-fourth of an inch in three diameters ; it 
shall weigh not less than 18 nor more than 20 
ounces. 

Sec. 2. The ball shall be tightly inflated and 
so laced that it cannot be held by the lacing, 
and otherwise in good condition. 

66 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN, 



location 



Sec. 3. The ball made by A. G. Spalding & ^^^tICIa'Ps, 

Bros, shall be the official ball. Official balls f C^^^'Vl^] 

will be stamped as herewith and will be in ^"^^j^j^jf^^^ 

sealed boxes. 



RULE III. 

Section i. The goals shall be hammock nets GOALS, 
of cord, suspended from metal rings 18 inches 
in diameter (inside). The rings shall be 
placed 10 feet above the ground in the centre 
of the short side of the actual playing field. 
The inside rim shall extend 6 inches from the ^^^^ 
surface of a flat perpendicular screen or other S^^^^- 
rigid surface measuring at least 6 feet hori- 
zontally and 4 vertically. If a screen is used 
it must not extend more than one foot below 
the upper edge of the goal. 

Sec. 2. The goals shall be rigidly supported 
from below. There must be no projections 
beyond the sides nor above the upper edge of 
ithe goal. 

' Sec. 3. The goal made by A. G. Spalding 
Bros, shall be the official goal. 




1 RULE IV. 

Section i. Teams shall number not less TEAMS, 
(than six nor more than nine members. 



Section 
REFEREE, 



RULE V. 
I. The officials 
two UMPIRES, 



shall be a OFFICIALS, 
a SCORER, 



68 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



TIMEKEEPER and four LINESMEN; two 
from each team. 

RULE VI. 

REFEREE. SECTION I. The REEEREE in all cases 

Referee an outsider, must be a thoroughly competent and impartial 
person. 

Sec 2. The REEEREE shall be chosen not 
later than four days before the game. 
Alterations in rules Sec. 3. Before the game begins the 
about grounds and REEEREE shall see that the regulations re- 
specting the ball, goal and grounds are adhered 
to. By mutual agreement of the Captains, the 
REFEREE may allow alterations in the rules 
regarding grounds and time, but not in goal, 
ball or teams. The REEEREE shall ascertain 
before the commencement of the game the 
time for beginning, or any other arrangements 
that have been made by the Captains. 
Referee judges Sec. 4. The REEEREE shall be judge of; 

when ball is in play ^|^^ ^^^^^ ^^^U j^^- ^^j^^^^ ^^^^ 

and when goal has . .... . . . , 

, , plav, to whom it belons:s, and when a s^oal has 

been made, i ^ ' o ' 

been made. ^ 
Sec. 5. The REEEREE shall approve of thei 

Timekeeper, Scorers and Linesmen twenty-| 

four hours before the game begins. 
Ball, how put in Sec. 6. Whenever the ball is put in play by 

play. tossing it up the REEEREE shall stand so that 

he shall throw the ball in a plane at right angles 

to the side lines. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



69 



Sp:c. 7. The REFEREE shall call time when Calling - time." 
necessary by blowing a whistle. 

Sec. 8. No player but the CAPTAIN shall l^eferee calls foul 
address any official. The REFEREE shall call ^^^y^' 

- . - • 1 • r 1 • 1 speaks to officials. 

a loiil tor Violation 01 this rule. 

Sec. 9. The REFEREE is the superior of- Cannot alter deci- 
ficer of the game and shall decide all questions ^ion of umpires or 
not definitely falling to the Umpires, but he ^^"^s^^^^^- 
shall have no power to alter a decision of the 
Umpires or Linesmen when it is in regard to 
matters under their jurisdiction. 

Sec. 10. Any team refusing to play within Team refusing to 
three minutes after receiving instructions to P^^^ forfeits game, 
do so from the REFEREE shall forfeit the 
game. 

Sec. II. The REFEREE'S term of office Referee has no 
shall only extend from the time the game be- P^^'^^^^ after game, 
gins until it is concluded, and his decision 
awarding the game must then be given. His 
jurisdiction shall then end and he shall have no 
longer any power to act as REFEREE. 

Sec. 12. The REFEREE decides when a 
goal has been made. (Rule XII, section i.) 

Sec. 13. Puts the ball in play. (Rule XII, 
sections 2, 3 and 5.) 

Sec. 14. Indicates the two players nearest 
ball "when time was called and who are to 
jump for it when play is resumed. (Rule 
XII, section 6.) 

Sec. 15. Throws ball up wdien it is held by 



70 BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 

two or more players for any length of 
(Rule XII, section 7.) 

Sec. 16. Awards point to opposing team 
when goal is touched. (Rule XII, section 12. )| 

Sec. 17. Makes decisions on Rule XII, seel 
tion 14. I 

Sec. 18. Decides on violations of Rule XIll 
section 15. 

Sec 19. Disqualifies for rough play. (Rule 
XII, section 21.) 

Sec. 20. Blows whistle when ball goes out 
of bounds. (Rule XII, section 24, [d].) 

Sec 21. Decides who touched ball first when 
it goes out of bounds. (Rule XII, section 24, [cj.) 
Duties of the Sec. 22. Makcs all dccisions on violations of 

referee. j^^^j^ ^11, SCCtion 24 [j]. 

Sec 23. Decides wdien player has held ball 
more than 5 seconds outside. (Rule XII, sec- 
tion 24 [g].) 

Sec 24. Makes decisions when ball is 
bounced, etc., to out of bound. Rule XII, sec- 
tion 24 [a].) 

Sec 25. Decides when goals have been made 
according to Rule XII, section 25. 

Sec 26. Decides whether ball was in the air 
wdien whistle sounded and whether goal counts. 
(Rule XII, section 26.) 

Sec. 27. When two or more officials blow 
their whistles simultaneously the referee de- 
cides which one shall take precedence. (Rule 
XII, section 27.). 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



Sec. 28. Decides whether a goal thrown by 
a team making a foul counts. (Rule XII, 
section 28.) 

Sec. 29. Decides games won by default. 
(Rule XII, section 29.) 

Sec. 30. Decides when game has been won 
by default according to Rule XII, section 30. • 

Sec. 31. Announces the score of a defaulted 
or forfeited game. (Rule XII, section 31.) 

Sec. 32. Calls foul for derogatory remarks 
about officials. (Rule XII, section 33.) 

Sec. 33. Calls fouls for persistent intentional 
delays. (Rule XII, section 34.) 

Sec. 34. Calls fouls when the following rules Referee calls foul 
are violated; Rule \'I, section 8; Rule XII, 
section 31 ; Rule XI, section 3. 



RULE VII. 

Section i. The UMPIRES in all cases UMPIRES, 
must be thoroughly competent and impartial Umpires, outside 
persons. They shall be chosen one by each 
team. 

Sec. 2. The UMPIRE shall be judge of the Umpire calls foul 
players, shall make decisions and call fouls as 
follows : U]\IPIRES call fouls for violations 
of Rule XII, sections 3, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24 

(f), 36. 37- 38, 39, 40, 41. _ Umpires not to 

Sec. 3. The UMPIRES shall make their question each 
decisions independently of each other, and a other's decisions 



72 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



foul called by one shall not be questioned by 
the other. 

Whistle blown Sec. 4. Whenever a foul is made the UM- 
on foul. PIRE calling it shall blow a whistle, and indi- 

cate the offender, and announce the nature of 
the foul, so that both the offender and the 
Scorer can hear it. 

RULE VIII. 

SCORER. Section i. The SCORER shall be appoint- 
ed by the Referee. 
Scorers must notify Sec. 2. He shall notify the Referee when a 
player should be disqualified, according to Rule 
XII, section 21. 



referee about dis- 
qualifying player. 



RULE IX. 

TIMEKEEPER. SECTION I. A TIMEKEEPER shall be ap- 
pointed by the Referee. 

Sec. 2. He shall note when the game starts 
He shall blow his whistle at the expiration of 
fifteen minutes' actual playing time in each 
half, or the amount of time agreed upon previ 
ously by captains and referee, according to 
Rule XII, section 9. 
Time out on Sec. 3. Time cousumcd by stoppages during 

referee s order. ^|^^ game shall be deducted only on order of the 
referee. 

RULE X. 

linesmen. Section i. The LINESMEN shall be ap- 
pointed by the referee. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 73 

Sec. 2. There shall be four LINESMEN; 
two from each side. 

Sec. 3. The LINESMEN shall stand at the 
. four ends of the field lines. Their particular 
j places shall be given them by the referee. 
[ Sec. 4. The LINESMEN shall be judges of 
fouls made by stepping on or crossing over the 
field lines, and shall call such fouls. 

RULE XI. 

Section i. CAPTAINS shall be indicated captains. 
by each side previous to the commencement of 
^ a match ; they must be players in the match. 
^ ' Sec 2. The CAPTAINS shall be the repre- 
sentatives of their respective teams. 

Sec 3. The CAPTAINS shall toss for Captains speak to 
choice of goals and be entitled to call the at- officials, 
tention of the officials to any violation of the 
rules which they think has been made. The 
Referee shall apply Rule XII, section 33, to 
the Captains' conduct when necessary. 

Sec 4. Before the commencement of a 
match each CAPTAIN shall furnish the scorer 
with a list of his team with their positions. 

RULE XII. 

Section i. A goal made from the field shall the game. 
count 2 points ; a goal made from a foul shall 
count as i point ; a goal thrown shall count Scoring of goals, 
for the side into whose goal the ball is thrown, 
even though it was done by mistake. 



Position of 
linesmen. 

Linesmen call line 
fouls. 



74 



BASKET BALi. FOR WOMEN. 



llall, how and when 
put in play at centre. 
Centre to be con- 
spicuously marked. 



Ball to be touched 
first by centres in- 
dicated to the 
umpires. 



Two fouls on oppo- 
site sides played in 
succession. 



After "time" ball 
goes up at spot 
where it was when 
time was called, 
except when it was 
outside. 



Two opponents 
nearest to touch 
the ball. 



Sec. 2. The REFEREE shall put the ball 
in play by tossing it up to a greater height 
than either of the centres can reach by jumping, 
in a plane at right angles to the side lines, so 
that it will drop near the centre of the field, 
which shall be indicated by a conspicuous mark. 
This is to be done at the opening of the game, 
at the beginning of the second half and after 
each goal. 

Sec. 3. After the REFEREE puts the ball 
in play in the centre, it must be first touched 
by one of the centres, who shall have been 
previously indicated to the UMPIRES. The 
UMPIRES shall call a foul for violation of this 
rule. Both players may jump for the ball. 

Sec. 4. When two fouls at once, on opposite 
sides, are called, they should be thrown in suc- 
cession. The ball should then be put in play in 
the centre. 

Sec. 5. After time has been called the 
REFEREE shall put the ball in play by tossing 
it up in such a manner that it will drop near 
the spot where it was wdien time w^as called, 
unless it was held out of bounds. In this case 
play shall be resumed at the whistle of the 
REFEREE, as if time had not been called. 
(Rule \T, section 6; also Rule XII, section 6.) 

Sec 6. The two opponents nearest this spot 
when time was called shall be the first to touch 
the ball after play is resumed. They shall be , 



BASKET BALL rOR WOMEN. 75 

indicated by the REFEREE. If, however, the 
ball is held in tie between the centre and for- 
ward or guard (i. e., over the field line), the 
ball shall be tossed up between the centre and 
her centre opponent indicated by the REF- 
EREE. 

Sec. 7. When the ball is held by two or Held ball, 
more players for any length of time the 
REFEREE shall blow his whistle, stop the play 
and throw the ball up from where it was held. 
(Rule VI, section 6; also Rule XII, section 6.) 

Sec. 8. Whenever, the ball is put in play the players who *'jump" 
players who are to first touch the ball must not for ball must stand 
stand further than two feet from the spot where with forward feet 

the ball is to fall. twenty-four inches 

Sec. 9. A game must be decided by the win- 
ning of the most points in thirty minutes play- 
ing time, or the amount of time agreed upor 
previously by CAPTAINS and REFEREE, 
except in case of a tie. 

Sec 10. In case of a tie the game shall con- Requires two points 
tinue (without exchange of goals) until to win in case of tie. 
either side has made 2 additional points. The 
goals may be made either from field or foul 
line, the team first scoring 2 points wins. 

Sec II. The game shall consist of two Time of halves, 
halves of fifteen minutes each, with a rest of 
ten minutes between the halves. This is the 
time of actual play. These times may be 
changed by agreement of CAPTAINS and 
REFEREE. 



76 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



Goa. moved by Sec. 12. If the goal is moved by an oppo- 

opponent. ^^^^-^^ when the ball is on the edge of it, the 

REFEREE shall award i point to opposing 

team. 

Sec. 13. The teams shall change goals at tlie 
end of the first half. 
Free throw mark. Sec. 14. AMicn a foul has been made the op- 
posite side shall have a free throw for the goal 
at a distance of fifteen feet from a point on the 
floor directly beneath the centre of the goal, 
measuring towards the opposite goal. The play- 
Thrower must not cr having a free throw shall not cross the fif- 
cross mark. tecn-foot line until the ball has entered or 

missed the goal. If this rule is violated, a goal, 
if made, shall not be scored, and, if missed, the 
ball shall be dead and put in play in the centre. 
Ball to be thrown The ball cauuot bc thrown to any person, but 
i^^^^^^t. j-^^^^st thrown at the basket. The REFEREE 

makes the decisions for violations of this rule. 
Six-foot lane for Sec. 1 5. Xo player shall stand nearer than 

players. Penalty f^^^ ^j^^ throwcr, nor in a lane six feet 

for crossinir line -i r ^1 ^1 \ .1 1 • . 

, , Wide from the thrower to the g^oal, nor mter- 

beiore ball reaches 

fere with the ball until after it reaches the goal. 
The player shall not be interfered with in any 
way whatever, either by players or spectators. 
If this rule is violated by one of the opposite 
team, and a goal is not made, she shall have 
another free throw. If violated by one of her 
own team, or by players of both teams and a 
o-oal is made, it shall not count, and whether 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



77 



missed or made, the ball shall be thrown up in 
the centre. If the goal is not made and no 
rides have been violated the ball shall be in 
play. The players must stay back of the line 
until the ball has entered or missed the goal. 
The REFEREE makes the decisions for viola- 
tion of this rule. 

Sec. i6. The ball may be thrown or batted 
in any direction with one or both hands. 

Sec. 17. The ball shall not be kicked or Kicking or using 
struck with the fists. The UMPIRE shall call ^^^^ allowed, 
a foul for violation of this rule. 

Sec. 18. A player shall not carry the ball Ball not to be 
while in bounds. She must play it from the 
spot on which she catches it. A player while 
holding the ball may not move more than one 
foot. This shall not be interpreted as interfer- 
ing v/ith a person's turning around without 
making progress. The UMPIRE shall call a 
foul for violation of this rule. 

Sec. 19. When a ball has been caught with Ball shall not be 
both hands it shall not be bounded on the floor l^oimded more than 
more than three times, and that at least knee ^^^^^^ times nor 

, . . ..... 111 1 lower lhan knee 

height, until it has been touched by some other i^^;^]^^ 
player. This does not interfere with her throw- 
ing for goal twice or more in succession, even 
if no other player touches it between times. 
The UMPIRE shall call a foul for violation 
of this rule. 

Sec. 20. There shall be no tackling or hold- Holding, etc. 



78 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN, 



ing or pushing of an opponent. The arms 
shall not be used in any way to interfere with 
the progress of a player who has not the ball. 
Grasping the clothing or person of a player 
with the hands or putting one or both arms 
about a player shall be called holding. The 
UiMPIRE shall call a foul for violation of this 
rule. 

Roughness will Sec. 21. There shall be no shouldering, trip- 

disquahfy. ping, Striking, kicking, hacking or intentional 

or unnecessary roughness of any kind. Vio- 
lation of this rule constitutes a foul, and the 
REFEREE may, for the first ofifence, and 
shall for the second ofifence, disqualify the of- 
fender, for that game and for such further pe- 
riod as the committee in charge shall determine. 
A foul is a violation of the rules, whether com- 
mitted unintentionally, ignorantly or otherwise. 
The fact that a foul is made is the only guide 
for the officials in calling the same. The UM- 
PIRE shall call a foul for violation of this rule. 
The REFEREE has power to disqualify for 
violation of this rule whether foul was ;:alled 
or not. 

Substitute allowed Sec. 22. A SUBSTITUTE shall be allowed 
for disqualified fgj- ^ player who has been disqualified, and the 
^^'^y^^' foul made by her shall be counted. 

Five minutes for Sec. 23. Whenever, because of sickness or 

"time.'* accident to a player, it becomes necessary for 

the REFEREE to call ''time," play must be re- 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



79 



sumed in five minutes. If the injured player 
is unable to resume play by that time a SUB- 
STITUTE shall take her place, or the game 
start at once without her. If it becomes neces- 
sary for any other reason than sickness or in- Players to be 
jury to change players it can only be done be- ^l^anged between 
tween halves, and onlv after the REFEREE ^""^^^^^ except 

m case oi sickness 

and SCORER have been notified. Any injury, 
goals made by the team violating this rule shall 
not be counted, but this shall not afifect the 
score of the other team. A player once re- A player once re- 
moved from the game cannot plav again during 1"^^°^^^ cannot play 

. ' ^ again. 

that game. 

Sec. 24. The ball is out of bounds only when Ball out of bounds, 
it has completely crossed the line. 

(a) When the ball is batted, rolled, bounced, 
passed, etc., from the field of play and remains 
out of bounds, the REFEREE shall give it to 
the opponent. 

(b) In case of a doubt in the mind of the 
REFEREE as to which player touched it last, 
it shall be given to the first player touching it 
outside. 

(c) In case of a doubt in the mind of the 
REFEREE as to which player first touched 
the ball outside, he shall toss it up inside the 
field of play on a line with the spot wdiere it 

left the field of plav. . ^ , , 

^ ' -Ball rolling in held 

(d) When the ball goes out of bounds and from outside is in 
rolls or bounce^- in again, play shall continue, play. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



even though a player may have touched it vvhen 
out of bounds ; except if the whistle of the 
REFEREE is blow^n, the ball shall then be put 
in play as though it had not returned to the 
field of play. 

(e) When it is passed to a player out of 
bounds the REFEREE shall give it to the op- 
ponent at the spot where it left the field of 
play. 

(/) The ball shall not be carried from the 
field of play. The UMPIRE shall call a foul 
for violation of this rule. (Rule XII, section 
i8.) 

( o ) A player is allowed five seconds to hold 
the ball out of bounds, and if she holds it 
longer it shall be given to her opponent by the 
REFEREE. 

(h) When the REFEREE is tossing the ball 
up between two players and one of them bats 
it out of bounds, it shall be given to the op- 
ponent where it left the field of play. 

(i) The ball may be thrown in any direc- 
tion into the field of play, from any spot (out- 
side of bounds) on a line drawn at right 
angles to the boundary line at the spot where 
the ball crossed it. The ball must be throzvn, 
not rolled, into the field of play, and must be 
played by some other player before the player 
who passed it in can play it. 

When either of these rules are violated the 



BASKET BALI. FOR WOMEN.. gl 

REFEREE .shall give the l^all to the opponent 
at the same spot. 

(/) There shall be no interfering with the 
player who is returning the ball : that is, no 
part of the person of her opponent shall be 
outside of the field of play ; the opponent shall 
not touch the ball until it has crossed the line. 
If either of these rules is violated the REF- 
EREE shall return the ball to the player who 
had it and have it again put in play at the 
original place. 

Sec. 25. When a player makes a throw for Goal from outside, 
goal and the REFEREE decides that part of 
her person was out of bounds the referee shall 
put the ball in play in the centre of the field 
of play. If a goal is made it shall be declared 
no score. 

Sec. 26. If a player throw^s for the goal and Goal counts if 
the REFEREE decides the ball was in the air whistle is blown 
when the whistle of the REFEREE, UM- when ball is in 
PIRE, TIMEKEEPER or LINESMEN ^^'^ 
sounded, and the throw results in a goal, it 
shall count. 

Sec. 27. When the UMPIRE'S whistle Referee decides 
sounds simultaneously with either the REF- whose whistle taker 

EREE'S, TIMEKEEPER'S or LINES- Precedence. 

MAN'S, the REFEREE shall decide whose 
is to take precedence. 

Sec. 28. The REFEREE shall decide that a Goals affected by 
goal thrown before the whistle can be blown for fouls. 



82 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



Winning by default. 



When neither team 
is ready. 



Penalty for default- 
ing or forfeiting a 
game. 

Protesting of deci- 
sions of officials. 



Derogatory remarks 
about officials. 



a foul made by the team throwing it shall not 
count, but if a player while throwing for the 
goal is fouled by an opponent and succeeds in 
scoring, both shall be counted. 

Sec. 29. If only one team puts in an appear- 
ance at the appointed time, the REFEREE 
shall announce that the team complying with 
the terms agreed upon shall be declared the 
winner of the game by default. (Rule XII, 
section 31.) 

Sec. 30. AMien it happens, however, that 
neither team is ready to begin playing at the 
hour appointed for the game, the team which 
com.pletes its number first cannot claim a de- 
fault from its opponent. The latter shall be en- i 
titled to fifteen minutes' additional time, and if ' 
then unable to present a full team shall be 
obliged to play short-handed or forfeit the 
game. The REFEREE shall be the authority 
on this rule. 

Sec. 31. The REFEREE shall announce a 
team defaulting or forfeiting a garne the loser 
by a score of 2 to o. 

Sec. 32. There shall be no protests against 
the decisions of the officials except in regard 
to interpretation of rules. 

Sec. 33. Any remarks on the part of a player 
during the progress of the game derogatory 
in any way to the officials shall be called a foul 
bv the REFEREE. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 83 

Sec. 34. Any persistent intentional delay of Intentional delay 
the game shall be counted as a foul against game, 
the team so delaying. The REFEREE shall 
call this foul. 

Sec. 35. Two hands on a ball are necessary Player must have 
to secure it. In case of doubt in the mind of ^^^^^ ^^^nds on ball 
the REFEREE as to which player first put her ''""'''^ 
two hands on the ball, he shall toss it up at 
the spot where it was held by the players. 

Sec 36. In no case may a player remove the SNATCHING or 
ball from the hands of an opposing player, ^^ATTING ball 

-,1 1 ± J • 7 //• o-i TTi\/r from an opponent's 

either bv snatchino- or baffnio- it. The UM- , , 

' . Jiands not allowed. 

FIRE shall call a foul for violation of this 
rule. 

Sec. 37. The ball may not be held longer P>all held three 
than three seconds. seconds only. 

Sec 38. The ball may not be "juggled;" 
/. c, tossed into the air and caught again to 
evade holding. 

Sec. 39. Touching the field line or the ground t'ield lines may not 
beyond with any part of the body constitutes a touched, 
foul. (This does not debar a player from 
leaning or reaching over the field line.) 

Sec 40. No guarding may be done over the No guarding over 
opponent's person when she has the ball. opponent's person. 

Sec 41. No player may hand the ball to 
another player. The ball must be tlirown to 
another player. 

RULE XIII. 



Section i. All fouls shall be called by the FOULS. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



UAIPIRE, except as provided in Rule VI, sec- 
tion 8, and Rule XII, sections 33 and 34. 

Sec. 2. Fouls are classified according to 
their penalties, as follows : 

General. 

1. Players addressing officials (Rule VI, sec- 
tion 8). 

2. Touching the ball in centre (Rule XII, 
section 3) . 

3. Kicking or striking ball (Rule XII, sec- 
tion 17). 

4. Carrying ball (Rule XII, sections 18 and 

24 [f])- ' / 

5. Bouncing the ball more than three times 
or lo\yer than the knee. (Rule XII, section 

19). 

6. Holding more than three seconds. (Rule 
XII, section 37.) 

7. Delaying game. (Rule XII, section 34.) 

8. Tackling, holding, pushing opponents. 
(Rule XII, section 20.) 

9. Snatching or batting ball from hands of 
an opponent. (Rule XII, section 36.) 

10. Juggling. (Rule XII, section 38.) 

11. Touching the field line with any part 
of the body. (Rule XII, section 39.) 

12. Guarding over an opponent's person. 
(Rule XII, section 40.) 

13. Handing the ball to another player. 
(Rule XII, section 41.) 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



85 



Specific. 

Fouls for which Players may be Disqualified. 

1. Striking. 

2. Kicking. 

3. Shouldering. 

4. Tripping. 

5. Hacking. 

6. Unnecessary rough play. (Rule XII, 
section 21.) 

Officials are expected to be as strict as pos- Officials to be strict 
sible. In all cases not covered by these rules and to go by spirit 
officials are to use their own judgment, in i'^^^^-^- 
accord with the general spirit of the rules. 

All cjuestions pertaining to the interpretation 
of these rules may be referred to any one of the 
members of the committee : 
Miss Elizabeth Wright, Radcliffe College, 

Cambridge, Mass. 
Miss Ethel Perrin, Boston Normal School oi 

Gymnastics, Huntington Avenue, Boston, 

Mass. 

Doctor Alice Snyder, University of Michi- 
gan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Miss Senda Berenson, Smith College, North- 
ampton, T^.Iass. 



86 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



GOAL 



6 



GOAL 



Diagram of Field, Showing Position of 5ix on Team 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



87 




GO A 



2 



4 



5 



6 



7 



GOAL 




Diagram of Field, Showing Position of Seven on Team 



88 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 





1 

£% 






%# 

GOAL 








3 




5 








6 


7 


8 

GOAL] 





Diagrajn, of Field, Showing Position of Eight on Team 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN. 



89 





i 












GOAL 






1 




2 




3 


4 








5 








6 


7 




8 




9 






GOAL 






#% 

i 





Diagram of Field, Showing Position of Nine on Team 




IS AIL Thkov^^^n up 





f 






The Spalding " Official Basket Ball 



Officially adopted 
and must be used 
in all match 
games. The cover 
is made in eight 
sections, with 
capless ends and 
of the finest and 
most carefully se- 
lected p ebble 
grain leather. The 
bladder is made 
specially for this 
ball of extra quality 
Para rubber. Each 
ball packed, com- 
plete, in sealed box, 
and guaranteed 
perfect in every 
detail. 

No. M. $5.00 




Extracts from Official Rule Book 



Official balls 
. be stamp- 
ed ^as h e r e- 
with, and\' 
be in sealed 
boxes. 

Sec. 4. The official ball must be 
used in all match games. 

RULE HI.— GOALS 
Sec. 3 The .s:oal made by A. G. 
5palding & Bros, shall be the 
official sroal. 




Send for Catalogue of Athletic Sports. 
Mailed Free to any Address. 



A. G. SPALDING BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 




SPALDING "SPECIAL No. E" 

Fine English pebble grain leather case. The bladder 
is of the purest Para rubber and guaranteed. Each 
ball complete in sealed box. 

No. E. Each, $4.00 



SPALDING "PRACTICE No. 18" 

Good quality leather cover; regulation size. Each 
ball complete in box with bladder. 

No. 18. Each, $2.00 



A. C. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 




SPALDING "STANDARD No. 16" 

Fine leather cover; regulation size. Each ball com- 
plete in box with pure Para rubber bladder fully 
guaranteed. 

No. 16. Each, $3.00 

EXTRA BLADDERS— GUARANTEED QUALITY 



No. OM. For Nos. M, E and i6 balls. . . Each, $1.00 
No. AP. For No. i8 ball " .60 

BASKET BALL SCORE BOOKS 

No. 1. Paper cover, lo games Each, 10c. 

No. 2. Cloth cover, 25 games " 25c, 



A. G. SPALDING Sl BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 



$paiaiitr$ "Official" Basket Bali 6oal$ 




Officially adopted and must be used in all 
match games. We are equipping our basket 
ball goals now with nets constructed so 
that the bottom may be left open in practice 
games to permit the ball to drop through. 
The opening is closed readily by a draw 
string for match games. 

No. 80. Per pair, $4.00 



Outdoor Goals 

Outdoor Basket Ball Goals, Uprights 
and Net Frame. Designed for lawns, 
schoolyards, outdoor gymnasiums and 
playgrounds. Everything complete for 
setting up. 

No. 160. Per pair, complete, $30.00 



A. C. SPALDING Sl BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

Bo>ton Baltimore Buffalo Kansas Gity 

St. Louis Minneapolis Denver Montreal, Can. 

London, England 




SPALDING'S 
MODEL 
RACKETS 

Model A 

Beveled frame, combed mahog- 
any handle, polished mahogany 
throat piece. 

No. 14. Each, $7.00 



Model AA 

Extra large combed mahogany 
handle, polished mahogany 
throat piece, beveled frame. 

No. HX. Each, $7.00 



Hodel C 

Spliced cane handle, combed, 
extending through walnut 
throat piece, beveled frame. 

No. 13. Each, $7.50 



A. G. SPALDING Sl BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 



SPALDING'S 
TENNIS 
RACKETS 

Model CC 

Extra large spliced cane handle, 
combed, extending through wal- 
nut throat piece, beveled frame. 

No. 13X. Each, $7.50 




nodal D 

Beveled frame, combed mahog- 
any handle, polished mahogany 
throat piece. 

No. 15. Each, $7.00 



riodel DD 

Extra large combed mahogany 
handle, polished mahogany 
throat piece, beveled frame. 

No. 15X. Each, $7.00 



A. G. SPALDING Sl BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London,. England 



SPALDING'S 
TENNIS 
RACKETS 

The Tournament 

IModeled after design of promi- 
nent player. Finest white ash 
frame with mahogany throat 
piece and taped bow. Best 
white gut stringing, combed 
mahogany handle, leather cap- 
ped. Finished with high polish. 

No. II. Each, $6.00 
The Varsity 

A well made racket at a popular 
price. New model. Finely fin- 
ished white ash frame and ma- 
hogany throat piece. Strung 
with fine white gut. Combed 
mahogan}'- handle, leather 
capped. 

No. 10. Each, $5.00 
The Varsity— Cork 

Same as No. 10, but equipped 
with cork handle instead of 
combed mahogany handle. 

No. IOC. Each, $5.50 



A. G. SPALDING Sl BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 



SPALDING'S 
TENNIS 
RACKETS 



The Siocum 

Old model as popular as ever. 
Frame of selected white ash, 
highly polished, fine quality 
main strings and red cross 
strings, mahogany throat piece, 
combed mahogany handle, 
leather capped. 

No. 9. Each, $4.00 



Siocum Junior 

Old model and very popular. 
Frame of highly polished white 
ash with polished walnut throat 
piece combed mahogany handle, 
leather capped. Strung with all 
white fine quality gut. 

No, 8. Each, $3.00 



The Ocomo 

For ladies' use particularly. 
Frame of finest white ash with 
rounded edges. Taped bow and 
mahogany throat piece. String- 
ing of very best white gut. 
Combed mahogany handle, 
made small for ladies' use, 
leather capped. Fine polish 
finish. 

No. 12. Each, $6.00 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston ^ Buffalo ^ Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 




SPALDING'S 
TENNIS 
RACKETS 




The Vantage 

Improved model, frame of highly 
polished white ash, mahogany 
throat piace, fine quality white 
gut stringing, combed mahog- 
any handle, leather capped. 

No. 6. Each, $3.50 



The Favorite 

Approved model, frame of white 
ash, polished walnut throat 
piece, stringing of good quality 
gut, combed cedar handle, 
leather capped. 

No. 2. Each, $f.OO 




The Greenwood 

Improved shape, frame of finely 
finished good white ash, polished 
mahogany throat piece, string- 
ing of good quality gut, combed 
mahogany handle, leather 
capped. 

No. 4. Each, $2.00 



A. C. SPALDING <St BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 



SPALDING'S 
TENNIS 
RACKETS 



The Lakeside 

An excellent racket, frame of 
finely finished white ash, pol- 
ished mahogany throat piece, 
stringing of fine quality white 
gut, combed mahogany handle, 
leather capped. 

No. 5. Each, $2.50 

Same as No. 5, but with larger 
handle. 

No. 5X. Each, $2.50 



The Geneva 

New shape of popular design, 
frame of white ash, finely fin- 
ished, polished walnut throat 
piece, good quality gut, combed 
cedar handle, leather capped. 

No. 3. Each, $l.50 



The Practice 

A good practice racket, frame 
of white ash with walnut throat 
piece and combed cedar handle, 
leather capped ; stringing of 
good quality gut. 

No. I. Each, 75c. 




A. G. SPALDING <&, BROS. 



New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 



Chicago Philadelphia 
Boston Buffalo 
Minneapolis Kansas City 
London, England 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



SPALDING'S TENNIS BALLS 




CHAnPI0N5HIP 

Absolutely perfection; regulation size and weight, finest quality 
felt cover. 

No. 00. Per doz., $4.00 
TOURNAflENT 

Uniform in quality and carefully constructed throughout. 
Regulation size and weight; fine felt cover. 

No. 0. Per doz., $3.00 
VANTAGE 

A good felt covered ball. 

No. 1. Per doz., $3.00 



A. G. SPALDING Sl BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco • 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas Cit^^ Montreal, Can. 

London, England 



Spalding^s 
Field Hockey 
Sticks 



No. 7 

Horsehide Grip 



No. 7. Each, $3.50 



Send for Spalding's Complete 
Catalogue of Athletic 
Sports 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 




A. G, SPALDING & BROS. 



NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



Spalding's 

Field Hockey 
Sticks 



The 

Spalding 
/ ^ C o r k 
Grip'' 
Regulation 
Stick. Ash 
head, pieced 
rattan cane 
handle, whip- 
ped. Best 
material and 
workmanship 
throughout. 

No. 6- Each, $3.00 
A* G* Spaldingf & Bros* 



No, i 

"CORK GRIP" 



Send for Spalding's Complete 
Catalogue of Athletic 
Sports. 



New York Chicago 



Denver 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



Spalding^s 
Field Hockey 
Sticks 



Na 4 
rV* Iv* v-i^ 



The 

Spalding 

- A. R. cr 

Regulation 
Stick. Ash 
head, pieced 
rattan cane han- 
dle, whipped. Will 
give excellent sat- 
isfaction. 



Send for Spalding's Complete 
Catalogue of Athletic 
Sports. 



No. 4. Each, $2.00 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



Spalding^s 
Fiel4 Hockey 
Sticks 



No. 2S 

^^Applebee 00 



ft 



The 
-ApplebeeOO" 
Regulation Stick 
Ash head, rattan 
cane handle with 
whipping. Spalding 
Trade-Mark quality. 
Finest material and 
workmanship through- 
out. 

No. 2S. Each, $2^00 



Send for Spalding's Complete 
. Catalogue of Sporting 
Goods. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



Spalding's 
Field Hockey 
Sticks 



No. 2B 

^^APPLEBEE, 



ft 



The 

*'Applebee, 
o" Regula- 
tion Stick. 
Ash head, rat- 
tan cane handle 
with whipping. 
Spalding's Trade 
Mark quality. 
Finest material and 
workmanship 
throughout. 

No. 2B. Each, $1,50 



Send for Spalding's Complete 
Catalogue of Athletic 
Sports. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 

I 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



Spalding's Field Hockev Balls 




No. A 



No. A. The Spalding Field Hockey Ball is 
made similar to a cricket ball, but covered 
with white leather and white enameled. 
Conforms to rules, and uniform in quality, 
No. A. Each, $2.50 

No. B. Regulation Ball, similar to our No. A, 
but not as high quality material. 

No. B. Each, $1.75 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS- 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



Spalding's Field Hockey Balls 




No. C 



No. C. Composition Ball, superior quality. 
Will give good satisfaction. 

No. C. Each, $i.oo 

No. D. Practice Ball, solid rubber, painted 
white. 

No. D. Each, 50 cents 

Send for Spalding's Complete Catalogue of Athletic Sports, free. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YOPK CHICAGO DENVER 



The Spalding 
Regulation Field Hockey Goals 




Heavy hardwood frame, oil finish. Com- 
plete with galvanized heavy wire netting, 
guys, pins, etc. The very best for the 
game — no chance for doubt. Any one can 
tell when the ball passes into the net. 

Per Pair, $35.*oo 

Handsomely Illustrated Catalogue Mailed Free to any Address 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



Field Hockey Goals 

Regulation size, 12x7 feet. Uprights 
made of iron pipe heavily japanned. 
Top board bolted to flanges. A 
very substantial goal 

No. I . Per set, $I5.00 




Field Hockey Gloves 

Made skeleton style. Finger 
and thumb well protected 
with rubber. 

No. P. Per pair, $2.50 



Send for Spalding's Catalogue of Athletic 
Goods free to any address. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS^ 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



I 



FIELD HOCKEY BOUNDARY POSTS 




No. 9 No. 11 No. 2 

Colors: Red; White; Red and White; Blue and White, or any other com- 
bination of colors. 

No. 9. Flags only, oblong shape. Each, 50c. 
No. 11, Flags only, triangle shape. 50c. 
No. 13. Spear Head Staffs, 7 feet. 50c. 



RUBBER D15CS FOR HOCKEY 5H0ES 




Quickly attached to any shoe and absolutely prevents slipping. 
No. 9. Each, 5c. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 








" J=5 


THE SPALDING 

OFFICIAL 

INTER-COLLEGIATE 
FOOT BALL 


$4.00 







We have spared no expense in making this ball perfect in every 
detail, and offer it as the finest foot ball ever produced. Each 
ball is thoroughly tested, packed in a separate box and sealed, 
so that our customers are guaranteed a perfect ball inside when 
same is received with seal unbroken. A polished brass foot ball 
inflater and lacing needle will be packed with each Inter-Col- 
legiate foot ball without extra charge. The only ball used in all 
match games between the leading colleges. 

Used exclusively by all the leading universities, colleges and 
athletic associations in the United States and Canada. 



A. C. SPALDING BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 




The Spaldine League Ball has been the 
Official Ball ol the National League for 
over a quarter of a century, and must be 
used in all games. It is also u^ed exclusively 
by ail the leading colleges and athletic clubs. 

Wkcn buying athletic goods always insist upon seeing the Spalding trademark 
aad do not be persuaded to accept something offered as just as good." 



SPALDING'S 
OFFICIAL PUSH BALL 




Spalding's Official Push Ball measures 6 feet in 
diameter and is manufactured of a rubber fabric 
which is strong and durable. It is air-tight, and 

easily inflated with pump which we furnish. 
Spalding's Official 6 foot Push BalL Each, $60^00 

Send /or Spaldi7ig' s handsomely illustrated catalogue. 
Will be mailed free to any add^'tss. 



A, G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA SAN FRANCISCO 

ST. LOUIS BOSTON BUFFALO BALTIMORE 

KANSAS CITY DFNVER MINNEAPOLIS MONTREAL, CAN. 
LONDON, ENG. 



[ 

FENCING F0IL5 



For our fencing foils we import the very best blades made. These goods 
are not guaranteed by the foreign manufacturers, however, and we cannot 
guarantee them. 




No. 15. Nickel-plated bell guard, leather covered handle, 
trimmings nickel-plated, Solingen, 34-inch blade. Pair, $2.75 

No. 19. Nickel-plated and buffed bell guard, leather covered 
handle, trimmings nickel-plated and polished, selected Cou- 
laux blade, 34-inch. .... Per pair, $3.50 

No. 23. Reinforced bell guard, all trimmings nickel-plated 
and highly polished, leather covered handle, fine 34-inch 
engraved blade. , , . . . Per pair, $5.00 

No. 24L. Ladies' Foil, small bell guard, and all trimmings 
nickel-plated and polished, leather covered handle, fine 34-inch 
engraved blade. . . . . , Per pair, $4.00 

Handsomely Illustrated Catalogue Mailed Free 
to any Address 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 

BUFFALO BALTIMORE 



APB 13 \903 




Spring and Summer Sports, containing 96 pages of ever^-thing pertain- 
ing to athletics, will be sent free anywhere by writing to A. G- Spalding 
& Bros., in any of the following cities. Write to the town nearest you. 



New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

Boston Baltimore Buffalo Kansas Gity 

St. Louis Minneapolis Denver ISIontreal, Can. London, Eng 



FEBRUARY, 1303. 



Price 10 Cents 



SPALDING'S Athletic Library 




American Sports 'Publishing Co. 

16 ® 18 Park P1»lc e . New York.. 



PUBLISHED 

MONTHLY 



SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY 



PRICE 

TEN CENT 




No. 12. — Association Foot Ball. Contains 
valuable information, diagrams of play and rules. 

No. l^.—Hoiu to Play Hand Ball. By M. W. 
Deshong, the well known American authority. 

No. 14 — Ctirling. Rules and regulations. 

No. 16 — How to Becoi7te a Skater. By G. D. 
Phillips, for years the American champion. 
Contains chapter for boys and advice for begin, 
neis. Figure skating thoroughly explained. 

No. 20 — HoTv to Play Cricket. A complete 
book, with illustrations showing every position. 

No. 23 — Canoeing. Paddling, sailing, cruising 
and racing, with hints on rig and management. 

No. Ti— College A thletics. M . 
C. Murphy, America's foremost 
athletic trainer, now with Yale, 
is the author, and it was written 
especially for the schoolboy and 
college man. 
No. 2^— Pulley Weights. By Dr. Henry S. 
Anderson. In conjunction with a chest ma- 
chine, any one can become perfectly developed. 

No. ^Q—Ho7v to Play Lacrosse. By W. H. Cor- 
bett. Rules of the game and diagrams of play. 

No. '62— Practical Ball Playing. By Arthur 
Irwin, for years one of America's best ball 
players. It contains interesting articles on in- 
dividual and team work, essentials of a good 
batsman, with instructive hints to the players. 
No. 37 — All AroHJid Athletics. Gives in full 
the method of scoring the All Around Cham- 
pionships, giving percentage tables showing 
what each man receives for each performance in 
each of the ten events. It contains instructive 
articles on how to train, and a complete list of 
all the all-around champions. 

No. 39 — Laiv7t Bowls. The ancient English 
game fully described by Henry Chadwick. 

No. 40 — Archery. An introductory chapter 
on the use of the bow and arrow; archery of 
the present day; with practical illustrations. 

No. 55 — Official Sporting Rides Contains 
rules for government of many sports not found 
in other publi(*iations; wrestling, cross-conntry 
running, shuffleboard, skating, snowshoeing, 
professional racing, racquets, pigeon flying, dog 
racing, quoits, potato racing, pistol shooting. 

No. m— Technical Terms of Base Ball. Com- 
piled by Henry Chadwick, the " Father of Base 
Ball." It is one of the most useful and instruc- 
tive works ever issued by the veteran writer. 

No. Athletic Primer. Ed- 
ited by J. E. Sullivan. Tells 
how to organize an athletic club, 
how to construct an athletic field 
and track, how to_ conduct an 
athletic meeting, with a special 
article on training. Fully illustrated. 




No, 102 — Ground Tumbling. Any boy 
reading this book and following the insu uc 
and illustrations which are photographed 
life, can become a proficient tumbler. 

No. 104 — Grading o/" Gymnastic Fxer^ 
By G. M. Martin, Physical Director of he ^ 
C. A.of Youngstown, Ohio. Should be in the \ 
of every Y. M. C. A. physical director, sch 
college, club, etc. The standard pub!icatio. 

No. 116 — Lawn Hockey., Tether Ball.Squ 
Ball and Golf Croquet. Contains the rule 
each game with diagrams ; illustrateci 

No. 124 — How to Become a Gym.iast. 
boy who frequents a gymnasium or who i 
horizontal bar or parallel bars at his comm 
with a little practice can become proficient. 

No. 126— /<r^ Hockey and Ice Polo. Wv 
by the most famous player in Amer , A. 
rell, of the Shamrock team. Comph t aes. 
tion of games, points of a good playe u)e. 

No. 127 — S^uinuning. By Dr. W. 
G. Douglas, New York A. C, one ill 
of America's most famous amateur f \ ^ 
champion swimmers and water polg* ^ 
players. This book makes it easy | 
for any one to become a swimmer. 

No. 128— to Row. By E. J. 
Giannini, N. Y. A. C, one of Am rlca's 
known amateur oarsmen and champ )\: 

No. \m— Water Polo. By Gus Sui Isirt rr 
veteran instructor of the New Yc k Atb 
Club. Water polo has taken a very stiong 
in America during the past few years Thi ^ 
is the most practical ever published a the g 

No. 135 — Official Handbook of t.it A. A 
of the United States. The A. A. U. is the 
erning body of athletics in the United Si 
and all games must be held under its r 
which are exclusively published in his boo.' 

^o.\m— Official V. M. C. A.Hand 
Edited by G. T. Hepbron, the wel, -known 
letic authority. Contains official . M. C 
athletic rules, records, scoring tabk ".tc. 

No. \W>— Croquet Guide. By reading 
book anyone can become a good player. 

No. 140 — Wrestling. Catch as ca ch "an 
Illustrated. All the different hold . Any i 
can, with little effort, learn every v>p^ of t 

No. Basket Ball for Women, Editt 

Miss Senda Berenson of Smith CoHege 
tains valuable information, special articles 
cial rules, and photos of team.s of leading 
men's colleges and high schools. 

No. 142 — Physical Training Sir^/>li0ed. ' 
Prof. E. B. Warman, the well-kn« 
culture expert, is a complete, thoroi ; ; 
tical book where the whole man is ;'jp -. 
brain and body. No apparatus rec^nire . 



Numbers omitted on above list have been renumbered and brought up to dat . 

AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING CO, ''"^'eW.^^ic'' 

See inside page of bacl€ cover for continuation of t \9t 



PUBLISHED 

MONTHLY 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY 



PRICE 

TEN CENTS 




No. 143 — I7i4ia?i Clubs and 
Dinnb-Bells. Written by J. H. 
Dougherty, amateur champion 
of America. Clearly illustrated. 
No. 144 — Hoiv to P^mch the 
Bag-. One of the best of indoor 
exercises. Every movement 
shown. 

^ No. 146 — HoTV to Play Roller Polo. Contains 
ilie official rules, pictures of leading players, ete, 
. No. \^^— Official Rogue Guide. The officia- 
jublication of the National Roque Association 

No. 149 — How to Take Care o/ the Body. A 
)ook for all who value health. 

No, 152 — Table Tennis. How to play told very 
iccurately; strokes illustrated by an expert. 
No. 153 —Official Intercollegiate A .A .A .Hand- 
book. Contains official rules that govern inter- 
■ollegiate events and all intercollegiate records. 
, No, 154 — Field Hockey. To those in need of 
•iigorous and healthful out-of-doors exercise, 
|ie game is recommended highly. 

No. \m — Ho70 to Play Golf. r^^, 
Photographic interview with Jas. ^.J.'^Wr>^. 
Jraid, champion of England. H.^.^. , 
^ardon tells how to play the game, / 'X\^^ 
dth illustrations; rules, pictures."^" 

'No.im— Athletes' Guide. One 
if the most complete on the subject 
hat has ever appeared. Valuable advice, im- 
ortant A. A, U. rules and their explanations, 
ow to train, etc. The illustrations comprise 
lany photos showing champions in action. 

No. 157 — Hoiv to Play Latvn Tennis. By J, 
*armly Paret. A complete description of lawn 
snnis is given ; lessons for beginners and in- 
tructions for making every stroke. 

No, 158 — Indoor and Outdoor Gymnastic 
"fames. Compiled by Prof. A. M. Chesley, the 
'ell known Y.M.C.A. physical director. Valu- 
ble to indoor and outdoor gymnasiums, schools, 
utings, and gatherings where there are a num- 
er to be amused. Rules for over 100 games. 

No. \m— Official Foot Ball 
■uide. Edited by Walter Camp, 
'he only publication containing 
le official rules under which 
very game is played. Illustra- 
ons of over 2,500 players, and 
rticles of interest. 

No. \m— Official Basket Ball Guide. By G, T. 
[epbron. Photos of the leading amateur teams, 
asket ball in the East and West, official rules. 

No, 161 — Ten Minutes' Exercise for Busy 
fen. By Dr. Luther Gulick, one of the foremost 
<ponents of physical culture. A concise course 
F physical education for home use which ren- 
ers it possible for every one to keep healthy. 







No, 162 — Hoiv to Become a 
Boxer. A book that is sure to 
fftlfil all demands. Contains over 
' 100 pages of illustrations showing 
the latest blows from photo- 
graphs posed by Prof. Wm, El- 
mer and partner. They arc so 
arranged that any two boys can 
become proficient boxers by following them 
closely. Pictures of leading American boxers are 
included. Every boy should have this book. 

No. 163 — Hoiv to Become a Boivler. By S. 
Karpf^ Secretary of the American Bowling Con- 
gres. Official rules and articles of interest. 

No, \^^—Hoiv to Play Foot Ball. By Walter 
Camp. How the game should be played, how 
signals are given, training, etc. 

No, \^'^—F'encing: Any boy, by following the 
diagrams can become an expert with the foils. 

No, 166 — Hoiv to Sluing Indian 
Clubs. By Prof. E, B, Warman, the 
well known exponent of physical 
culture. The most complete work * 
on this special subject ever issued. 
By following the diagrams carefully 
anyone can become an expert club 
swinger in a short time. 

m— Quoits. By M. W. Deshong, The .:io&t 
complete book on the game published ; ilb.stra- 
tlons of difficult plays and portraits of experts. 

No. \Qd>— Official Athletic Ahnanac. Com- 
piled by J. E. Sullivan, It is the only .-rmnual . 
publication now issued -that contains a complete 
list of amateur best-on-records. Illustrated 
No. im— Indoor Base Ball. \ 
ica's national game is now viein/ 
other outdoor games as a wint \ a. - 
time. This book contains the playing 
rules, pictures of leading teams, and 
interesting articles on the game. M. 
S. Walker of the West Division, H, S,, 
Chicago, contributes an article on the 
game for women. 
No. 170 — Pzish Ball. This game is played 
with an air-inflated ball six feet in diameter, 
and weighing about fifty pounds, A si ie co: - 
sists of eleven men. It has met with insta 
favor since its introduction, and now no sc!";. 
or athletic club is complete without one. 

No, 172 — Spalding' s Official Base Ball ./ v/t/ 
Edited by Henry Chadwick, the " Father ; 
Base Ball," is the official publication of base 
ball. Complete records, pictures of champion 
teams, official rules and specia 1 articles. 

No, 175 — Spalding' s Lauu -r. Ten- 
nis Annual. Compiled by J, 
Parmly Paret, Contains the 'fficial 
statistics, photographs of ■r'lg: 
players, special articles on uuw to 
play the game, review of import- 
ant tournaments, official rules, 
and other valuable information. 




Numbers omitted on cxbove list have been renumbered and brought up to date. 

iMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING CO., """NkW^RK*"-^^^ 

See Inside page of front cover for additional numbers 



This is a fac-simile of the grand prize awarded to A. G. Spalding & Bros, for th« 
finest and most complete line of athletic goods exhibited at the Universal Expo- 
sition, Paris, 1900. We have brought this medal to America in competition with 
the leading makers of the world. It is the highest award given for any exhibit 
and is exclusively granted for the best goods in that particular class. 




Spalding's Athletic Goods were used exclusively in all the athletic events in the 
Stadium of the Pan-American Exposition in 1901. Spalding's athletic goods tre 
standard of quality and officially recognized as such by the leading governing 

ci^r League *Bas*e Ball, Intercollegiate Foot Ball, 
Gaelic Foot Ball, Association Foot Ball, Basket Ball, Indoor Base 
Ball, Polo Ball, Boxing Gloves, Athletic Implements. 



